• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2020

Purpose : To provide data on exercise prescription for obesity management and prevention of cardiovascular disease in girl's high school and to prepare basic data for more effective exercise program for lifestyle improvement and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. This study examines the effects on brain nerve growth factor and inflammatory factors, and the relationship between obesity factor and brain neuron cell production factor and inflammatory factor changes by complex exercise. Methods : The subjects of the study were obese students with a body fat percentage of 30 % or higher after obtaining body fat percentage of high school girls in C-city. Among them, 20 students who wanted to participate in the program of this study and did not participate in special exercise and diet therapy within the last 6 months were radio-sampled into groups of exercise group and control group, but attendance rate was low and The final exercise group (9) and control group (9) were measured, except for one student who did not respond. Results : Analysis of the range of variation in body composition, BMI, lean body mass, and the interaction between the groups showed significant differences (p<.05). TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C as variables of blood lipids, TC and TG were not significantly different and TG was significantly different (p<.05) in interactions. HDL-C showed a significant difference (p<.01) in interactions, an increase in exercise group, and a significant decrease in control group (p<.05). There was a significant difference (p<.05) in BDNF interaction, an increase in the exercise group and a decrease in the control group, but no significant difference. NGF tended to increase in both exercise and control groups. IL-6 had a significant difference in timing (p<.05) and significantly decreased (p<.01) in the exercise group, and TNF-α interacted with timing (p<.05), and a significant increase in the control group. Conclusion : This study confirmed 12-week compound exercise program was effective in increasing the expression of basal fitness or CNS factor, but not enough to actually improve brain function. Fat mass and obesity are also affecting vascular inflammatory factors.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2012

Objective : The predictors of cranioplasty infection after decompressive craniectomy have not yet been fully characterized. The objective of the current study was to compare the long-term incidences of surgical site infection according to the graft material and cranioplasty timing after craniectomy, and to determine the associated factors of cranioplasty infection. Methods : A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess graft infection in patients who underwent cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy between 2001 and 2011 at a single-center. From a total of 197 eligible patients, 131 patients undergoing 134 cranioplasties were assessed for event-free survival according to graft material and cranioplasty timing after craniectomy. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression methods were employed, with cranioplasty infection identified as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were also evaluated, including autogenous bone resorption, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma and brain contusion. Results : The median follow-up duration was 454 days (range 10 to 3900 days), during which 14 (10.7%) patients suffered cranioplasty infection. There was no significant difference between the two groups for event-free survival rate for cranioplasty infection with either a cryopreserved or artificial bone graft (p=0.074). Intergroup differences according to cranioplasty time after craniectomy were also not observed (p=0.083). Poor neurologic outcome at cranioplasty significantly affected the development of cranioplasty infection (hazard ratio 5.203, 95% CI 1.075 to 25.193, p=0.04). Conclusion : Neurologic status may influence cranioplasty infection after decompressive craniectomy. A further prospective study about predictors of cranioplasty infection including graft material and cranioplasty timing is necessary.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2010

Ischemic stroke, a major cause of death and disability worldwide, is caused by occlusion of cerebral arteries that, coupled with or without reperfusion, results in prolonged ischemia (hypoxia and hypoglycemia) and, ultimately, brain damage. In this study, we examined whether methanol extract of the whole plant of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino that grows naturally in Korea, as well as Japan and China, and some of its fractions obtained by partitioning with organic solvents could protect human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) under hypoxic condition by inhibiting apoptosis. We also investigated if these extracts could attenuate brain damage in a rat model of 2 hr of ischemia, generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion, and 22 hr of reperfusion. The whole extract ($100{\mu}g$/mL) maintained the cell number at more than half of that initially plated, even after 24 hr of cell culture under hypoxic condition (3% $O_2$). In the absence of the whole extract, almost all of the cells were dead by this time point. This improvement of cell viability came from a delay of apoptosis, which was confirmed by observing the timing of the formation of a DNA ladder when assessed by gel electrophoresis. Of fractions soluble in hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), butanol and water, EA extracts were selected for the animal experiments, as they improved cell viability at the lowest concentration ($10{\mu}g$/mL). The whole extract (200 mg/kg) and EA extract (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct size, a measure of brain damage, by 34.7, 33.8 and 45.2.0%, respectively, when assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. The results suggest that intake of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino might be beneficial for preventing ischemic stroke through inhibition of brain cell apoptosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2006

Objective : Acute cerebral infarction is often accompanied by transtentorial herniation which can be fatal. The aim of this study is to determine the timing of surgical intervention and prognostic factors in patients who present with acute cerebral infarction. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively 23 patients with acute cerebral infarction, who received decompressive craniectomy or conservative treatment from January 2002 to December 2004. We divided patients into two groups according to the treatment modalities [Group 1 : conservative treatment, Group 2 : decompressive craniectomy]. In all patients, the outcome was quantified with Glasgow Outcome Scale and Barthel Index. Results : Of the 23 patients, 11 underwent decompressive craniectomy. With decompressive craniectomy at the time of loss of pupillary light reflex, we were able to prevent death secondary to severe brain edema in all cases. Preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale and loss of pupillary light reflex were significant to the clinical outcome statistically. With conservative treatment, 9 of the 12 patients died secondary to transtentorial herniation. The clinical outcomes of remaining 3 patients were poor. Conclusion : This study confirms the value of life-saving procedure of decompressive craniectomy after acute cerebral infarction. We propose that the loss of pupillary light reflex should be considered one of the most important factors to determine the timing of the decompressive craniectomy.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1126-1135
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• 2000

Objectives : The goal of surgical management of cerebral arteriovenous malformation(AVM) is elimination of the lesion without development of new neurological deficits. To improve the management results of cerebral AVMs in the future, this article discusses about surgical complications of the AVM and their management. Material and Methods : During the past 18 years, 116 patients with cerebral AVMs were managed by surgery. Among these cases, 7 cases died, 7 cases developed new neurological deficits, 11 cases residual AVM and 5 cases intracerebral hematoma(ICH) after surgery. The author analyzes the causes of those complications and investigates the methods to minimized those complications based on the review of the literatures. Results : One stage removal of AVM and ICH in the poor neurological state were performed in 5 of 7 death cases. Subtotal removal of ICH followed by delayed AVM surgery after recovery is regard as one method to improve the outcome of patient with large ICH. Postoperative new neurological deficits developed owing to normal perfusion pressure breakthrough(NPPB) in 3, judgement error in 2, preoperative embolization in 1 and cortical injury in 1 case(s). Proper management of NPPB, accurate anatomical knowledge and physiological monitoring during operation, and well trained skill for embolization are regard as methods to minimize those complications. Residual AVMs after surgery were noticed in 11 cases, in which unintended 6 cases due to inaccurate dissection of peripheral margin of AVM, and intended 3 cases due to massive brain swelling during operation, 1 cases due to diffuse type and 1 case due to multiple type of AVM. Accurate dissection of peripheral margin of AVM and mild hypotension during operation may help to avoid this complication. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in 3 cases due to rupture of the residual AVM and in 2 cases due to oozing from the AVM bed. Complete resection of AVM, complete control of bleeding points at AVM bed and mild hypotension during early postoperative period are the methods to avoid this complication. Conclusion : A precise but flexible therapeutic strategy and refined skill for endovascular, radiosurgical and microsurgical techniques are required to successful treatment of cerebral AVM. Adequate timing of AVM resection, accurate anatomical knowledge, proper management of NPPB and accurate dissection of peripheral margin of AVM are the key points for avoiding complications of the AVM surgery.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.375-381
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• 2022

Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a technology that allows users with motor disturbance to control machines by brainwaves without a physical controller. Motor imagery (MI)-BCI is one of the popular BCI techniques, but it needs a long calibration time for users to perform a mental task that causes high fatigue to the users. MI is reported as showing a similar neural mechanism as motor execution (ME) and motor observation (MO). However, integrative investigations of these three tasks are rarely conducted. In this study, we propose a new paradigm that incorporates three tasks (MI, ME, and MO) and conducted a comparative analysis. For this study, we collected Electroencephalograms (EEG) of motor imagery/execution/observation from 28 healthy subjects and investigated alpha event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) and classification accuracy (left vs. right motor tasks). As result, we observed ERD and ERS in MI, MO and ME although the timing is different across tasks. In addition, the MI showed strong ERD on the contralateral hemisphere, while the MO showed strong ERD on the ipsilateral side. In the classification analysis using a Riemannian geometry-based classifier, we obtained classification accuracies as MO (66.34%), MI (60.06%) and ME (58.57%). We conclude that there are similarities and differences in fundamental neural mechanisms across the three motor tasks and that these results could be used to advance the current MI-BCI further by incorporating data from ME and MO.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권36호
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• pp.237-257
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• 2014

본 연구는 다분야간의 학제적 융합연구를 진행하는 과정으로 뇌기반 학습 원리와 이미지 창작의 뇌과학적 기제를 고려한 예술교육의 선행 연구현황을 알아보는 과정이다. 최근에 이르러 각 분야의 교육방법을 타 분야와의 웅합적 연구 활동으로 생산해 내는 것이 트렌드로 부상하고 있고, 이에 힘입어 뇌기반 교육 융합연구의 결과들이 각 분야마다 발표되고 있다. 음악, 미술, 무용과 같은 예술 분야 또한 해당된다. 즉, 창작과 학습이 이루어지는 동안 뇌의 작동원리를 이해하고 해당 기능을 발달시킬 수 있는 여러 원리를 교수법으로 적용하면 예술적 수행 능력과 창의성이 효율적으로 신장된다는 관점이다. 애니메이션 드로잉은 단순히 사물을 똑같이 그리는 소묘적 관점에서 벗어나 움직임의 요소를 직감적으로 인식하고 대상과의 소통을 통해 연출할 수 있어야 하기에 형태구현의 인지적 관점 뿐만 아니라 고차원적 인지감각의 요소, 소통의 방법까지를 포함한 체계적인 교육방법을 개발할 필요성이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구는 애니메이션 드로잉의 전문적인 특성을 고려한 교육모형을 설계하기 위해 뇌기반 원리를 적용한 예술교육에 대한 문헌 연구결과를 제시한다. 이에 뇌기반 예술교육의 적용사례를 해외의 흐름과 국내의 흐름을 추출 분석하였다. 또한 뇌기반 원리를 적용한 미술교육연구의 사례와 드로잉관련 교육의 사례의 연구결과를 분석하였다. 분석된 결과에 따르면 드로잉관련 뇌기반 학습은 우뇌 트레이닝을 통한 관찰력과 집중력, 이미지표현과 관계된 창의력, 긍정정서의 변화에 증진 효과를 공통적으로 드러났다. 그 외에도 뇌파훈련을 통한 해외의 학습적용 사례가 있었는데 타이밍능력과 예술표현력은 HRV 훈련과 SMR, 베타1, 알파/세타파를 강화하는 뉴로피드백 훈련으로 증진 효과를 보았으며, 느린 뇌파 뉴로피드백 훈련이 스트레스를 극복하고 창의적 미술 수행능력을 향상시키는데 큰 기여를 하고 있음을 제시하고 있다. 이 연구결과가 의미하는 것은 뉴로피드백 훈련이 실험실 범위를 벗어난 예술적 실교육의 환경에서도 성공적으로 적용될 수 있다는 것을 보여준 사례라는 점에서 의미가 크지만 기계를 사용해야하는 것은 교수법으로 적용하기엔 한계가 있음이 드러남으로 인해 추후 애니메이션 드로잉 교육법에 뇌기반 학습원리를 적용, 설계하기위한 분석적 토대를 마련하기에 의의가 있다 하겠다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.493-501
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• 2005

Circadian rhythms, time on a scale of about 24 hours, are present in a number of organisms including animals, plants, and bacteria. The control of the biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes is regulated by endogenous clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). At the core of this timing mechanism is molecular machinery that are present both in the brain and in the peripheral tissues throughout the body, and even in a single cultured cell. In this study, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to figure out any correlation between protein expression patterns and the requirement of two canonical clock proteins, either mPER1 or mPER2, by comparing global protein expression profiles in livers from wildtype or mPer1/mPer2 double mutant mice. We could identify several differentially expressed protein candidates with respect to time and genotypes. Further analysis of these candidate proteins in detail in vivo will lead us to the better understanding of how circadian clock functions in mammals.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2016

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, noninvasive and useful technique for exploring brain function. Especially, for the study of cognition, the technique can modulate a cognitive performance if the targeted area is engaged, because TMS has an effect on cortical network. The effect of TMS can vary depending on the frequency, intensity, and timing of stimulation. In this paper, we review the studies with TMS targeting various regions for evaluation of cognitive function. Cognitive functions, such as attention, working memory, semantic decision, discrimination and social cognition can be improved or deteriorated according to TMS stimulation protocols. Furthermore, potential therapeutic applications of TMS, including therapy in a variety of illness and research into cortical localization, are discussed.

• 인문언어
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• 제5권
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• pp.221-264
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• 2003

This paper takes issue with the idea of language as a 'serial-time structure' as opposed to the 'real-time event' of speech, an idea entrenched in Chomskyan model of linguistic theory. The discussion centers around the leitmotif question: Is language constructed entirely from a finite set of apriori discrete symbol types, as the 'competence vs performance' dichotomy implies\ulcorner A set of linguistic patterns examined in this study, largely with regard to phonological considerations, points to the evidence to the contrary. That is, while the patterns may be said to be linguistically distinct, they are not discretely, different, i.e. not different enough to be reliably differentiated. It is demonstrated that much of current research in phonology, including the most recent Optimality Theory, is misdirected in that it falsely presupposes a discrete universal phonetic inventory. The main thrust of the present study is that there is no sharp boundary between 'competence' defined as the formal, symbolic, discrete time domain of language and human cognition on the one hand and 'performance' as the continuous, fuzzy, real-time domain of human physiology on the other.