• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.495-500
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• 1998

The effect of acute toluene exposure on behaviour and monoamine concentrations in the various brain regions were investigated in the rat. Toluene was adminstered via inhalation to rats at concentrations of 0, 1000, 10000, 40000 ppm for 20 min. During exposure to toluene, spontaneous locomotor activity was counted. After exposure, animals were sacrificed instantly and brains were separated. Regional concentratons of brain monoamines (norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA; 5- hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and its metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC; homovanillic acid, HVA; 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, 5-HIAA) were determined. The changes in locomotor activity during toluene exposure depended on the toluene concentration. At 1000 ppm concentration, spontaneous locomotor activity increased initially and thereafter decreased. At higher concentrations (10000 ppm and 40000 ppm), spontaneous locomotor activity decreased and eventually ceased. A regional analysis of VA, NE, 5-HT, VOPAC, HVA, and 5-HIAA indicated a significant decrease in VA concentrations in cerebellum and striatum while NE and 5-HT concentrations were significantly increased in the cerebellum and cortex. 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly increased in all brain regions. DOPAC concentrations were significantly increased in cerebellum and cortex while decreased in striatum. These results especially indicated that metabolic conversion of DA to HVA in striatum was highly increased by toluene inhalation. However, It remains to elucidate between behavioural responses and monoamine changes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.482-486
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• 2012

Cerebral monoamines play important roles as neurotransmitters that are associated with various stressful stimuli. Some components such as ginsenosides (triterpenoidal glycosides derived from the Ginseng Radix) may interact with monoamine systems. The aim of this study was to determine whether ginsenoside Rb1 can modulate levels of the monoamines such as dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydorxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in mice frontal cortex and cerebellum in response to immobilization stress. Mice were treated with ginsenoside Rb1 (10 mg/kg, oral) before a single 30 min immobilization stress. Acute immobilization stress resulted in elevation of monoamine levels in frontal cortex and cerebellum. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rb1 attenuated the stress-induced changes in the levels of monoamines in each region. The present findings showed the anti-stress potential of ginsenoside Rb1 in relation to regulation effects on the cerebral monoaminergic systems. Therefore, the ginsenoside Rb1 may be a useful candidate for treating several brain symptoms related with stress.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.77-93
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• 2004

Depression is a sort of mental disorder which is very common. To treat depression, many drugs such as TCA, MAOI are developed and used. But they have a lot of side effects, so it needs to develop drugs without side effects or with less side effects. Herbal medicines have been used to treat diseases not only physical but also mental and have less side effects. therefore, it has been thoght the need to develop herbal medicine with antidepressant effect. The purpose of this study was to reseach antidepressant effect and influence on monoamines of chunwangboshimdan thought to have antidepressant according to ancient medical book- donguibogam- and recent reports. We used 'forced swimming test(FST)' to know antidepressant effect of chunwangboshimdan and HPLC to check the influence on monoamines and their metabolites(norepinephrine, dopamine, DOPAC, HVA, serotonin, 5-HIAA) of chunwangboshimdan after divided into cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus. The results were obtained as follows: In the study of antidepressant effect by 'forced swimming test(FST)'method, chunwang boshimdan had a significant antidepressant effect. In the study of influence on monoamines by HPLC, chunwangboshimdan mainly increased dopamine among monoamines and their metabolites(norepinephrine, dopamine, DOPAC, HVA, serotonin, 5-HIAA) significantly in 4 parts of rat's brain above-mentioned. Calculated by turnover ratio formulae of monoamine, chunwangboshimdan has more results than Imipramine. These results suggest that chunwangboshimdan has antidepressant effect that is related with the increase of monoamines by suppressing their metabolism as its mechanism.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1992

최근에 개발된 생체내 미세투석법을 이용하여 정상혈압 흰쥐(WKY)와 자연발생성 고혈압 흰쥐(SHR)의 후 시상하부에서 세포외액의 모노아민과 그 대사체들을 측정하였다. 뇌정위 고정장치에 의해서 미세투석관을 후 시상하부에 위치시킨후 링거액으로 관류하였다. 모노아민과 그 대사체들은 고속액체 크로마토그라피와 전기화학 검출기를 이용하여 정량하였다. 미세투석관의 시험관내 회수율 검사 결과, 관류액의 유속과 신경화학물질의 상대적 회수율 사이에는 역비례 관계가 있음이 확인되었다. 정상 혈압 흰쥐에서 후 사상하부의 관류액으로 부터 축정한 각종 신경화학물질의 세포외액 농도는 도파민 32nM, 노르에피네프린 50nM, 에피네프린 50nM, 세로토닌 73nM, 3.4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid(DOPAC) 281 nM, homovanillic acid(HVA) 181 nM, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5HIAA) 3767nM이었다. 후 시상하부에서 측정된 신경전달물질의 기준치는 WHY와 SHR사이에 차이가 없었으나, DOPAC, HVA, 5HIAA의 기준치는 WKY에 비해서 SHR에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 중추 신경화학물질들의 생체내 측정에 미세투석법을 이용할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.552-560
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• 2023

Background: Ginseng Radix (Panax ginseng Meyer, Araliaceae) has been used medicinally to treat the brain and nervous system problems worldwide. Recent studies have revealed physiological effects that could potentially benefit cognitive performance or mood. The present study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effects of Korean red ginseng water extract (KGE) and its active component in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS)-induced animal model and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The antidepressant potential of the UCMS model was evaluated using the sucrose preference test and open field tests. The behavioral findings were further corroborated by the assessment of neurotransmitters and their metabolites from the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. Three doses of KGE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were orally administered during the experiment. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the antidepressant-like action of KGE was examined by measuring the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/CREB, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) proteins in the prefrontal cortex of UCMS-exposed rats. Results: KGE treatment normalized UCMS-induced depression-related behaviors. Neurotransmitter studies conducted after completing behavioral experiments demonstrated that KGE caused a reduction in the ratio of serotonin and dopamine, indicating a decrease in serotonin and dopamine turnover. Moreover, the expression of BDNF, Nrf2, Keap1 and AKT were markedly increased by KGE in the prefrontal cortex of depressed rats. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that KGE and its constituents exert antidepressant effects that mediate the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and expression of BDNF protein in an animal model.