• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2007

Stroke is a disease which results in impairment of body functions and affects everyday life. The ability of cerebral neurons to become reorganized and restore function after damage is called plasticity. Motor impairment typically appears contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere in patients with cerebral lesions. The authors report a case of a patient with hemiplegia ipsilateral to affected cerebral hemisphere, along with its conjectured mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2009

Effect of whole body vibration exercise on intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Intracerebral hemorrhage is one of the most devastating types of stroke. This disease is known to cause severe neurological damage and also has a very high mortality rate. In the present study, the effects of whole body vibration exercise on memory capability and apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 region following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats were investigated. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced by injection of collagenase into the hippocampal CA1 region using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats were divided into 5 groups: the sham-operation group, the hemorrhage-induction group, the hemorrhage-induction and 8 Hz vibration exercise group, the hemorrhage-induction and 16 Hz vibration exercise group, and the hemorrhage-induction and 24 Hz vibration exercise group. The animals in the whole body vibration exercise groups received whole body vibration at 8 Hz, 16 Hz, and 24 Hz, respectively for 30 min once a day during 14 consecutive days. In the present results, the apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 region was significantly increased following induction of intracerebral hemorrhage, resulting in memory impairment. Whole body vibration exercise suppressed hemorrhage-induced apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. This suppressive effect of whole body vibration exercise also alleviated hemorrhage-induced memory impairment. Here in this study, we have shown that whole body vibration exercise inhibited intracerebral hemorrhage-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death and thus facilitated recovery of brain function following intracerebral hemorrhage.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.103-112
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• 2023

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of 10 different pre-enrichment methods using Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in support of the FDA method. When the initial Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) inoculation was 7.2 CFU/g, the Ct values were observed in the following order: 21.37 (Enterobacteriaceae enrichment [EE] broth), 21.95 (brain heart infusion [BHI]), 22.72 (tryptic soy broth [TSB]), 23.02 (violet red bile lactose [VRBL]), 22.31 (TSB-0.1% sodium pyruvate [SP]), 23.43 (distilled water [DW]), 24.34 (phosphate buffered saline [PBS]), 24.95 (nutrient broth [NB]), 25.82 (TSB-0.6% yeast extract [YE]), and 28.27 (violet red bile glucose [VRBG]). For an inoculation of 1.82% CFU/g of Cronobacter spp. (E. sakazakii), the Ct values were recorded in this sequence: 20.34 (EE broth), 22.16 (TSB-0.6% YE), 22.37 (BHI), 22.71 (VRBL), 22.88 (TSB), 23.01 (DW), 23.19 (NB), 23.79 (TSB-0.1% SP), 24.66 (VRBG), and 24.70 (PBS). Finally, when the inoculum of Cronobacter spp. (E. sakazakii) was 0.182 CFU/g, the Ct values followed this order: 21.93 (VRBL), 23.07 (TSB-0.6% YE), 23.31 (DW), 23.47 (PBS), 23.70 (BHI), 24.14 (TSB-0.1% SP), 25.14 (TSB), 29.00 (VRBG), 31.55 (EE broth), and were undetected in the case of NB. Consequently, these results indicate that there were no significant differences among the 10 different pre-enrichment broths. Future studies should focus on exploring pre-enrichment broths that can improve the limit of detection at very low Cronobacter spp. (E. sakazakii) concentrations and enhance the selective recovery of Cronobacter spp. (E. sakazakii) under acid, antibiotic, cold, and heat damage conditions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2018

As the global warming causing desertification increase, there is growing concern about damage of crops. It was to investigate how the treatment with hydrogen peroxide before leaf development affects the growth and yield of sorghum for minimizing a damage of crops to drought. The germination experiment was conducted at alternating temperature of $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$(12 hr/12 hr) under water stress condition of 0 ~ -0.20 MPa adjusted with PEG solution containing 0 and 10 mM $H_2O_2$. In order to know the effect of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the growth of sorghum, 10 mM hydrogen peroxide was treated to leaves at 3-leaf stage of sorghum growing in greenhouse conditions. Seed germination rate was increased by 20% in hydrogen peroxide treatment as compared to the Control. under water stress conditions (-0.15 ~ -0.20 MPa). The length of seedlings was also on the rise by the hydrogen peroxide treatment. In the greenhouse pot experiment, the morphological characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf number) and physiological characteristics (chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance) were higher in the plants treated with hydrogen peroxide under the drought stress condition than those of plants of $H_2O$ treatment. Experiment conducted with the soil moisture gradient system showed that the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide increased photosynthetic ability of sorghum plant with respect to SPAD value and stomatal conductance and rooting capacity (root weight and root length) under drought condition. Generally, hydrogen peroxide treatment in sorghum increased the tolerance to drought stress and maintained better growth due to ameliorating oxidative stress.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.966-971
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• 2003

Purpose : It is now well established that infection and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage. The loss of neutrophils from systemic circulation is an associated finding in injury mediated by granulocyte. Periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) caused by ischemia is the principal form of brain injury in premature infants. This study was conducted to evaluate whether the low neutrophil count is associated with periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) in premature infants. Methods : Retrospective review of medical records was undertaken. Subjects were premature infants with a birth weight of less than 1,500 gm, admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Kyungpook University Hospital. A complete blood count of peripheral blood was done within the 1st hour of life. Neutropenia was defined as absolute neutrophil count < $1,500/mm^3$, PVL as increased periventricular echodensities followed by cyst formation on ultrasonography or corresponding signs on brain MRI. Results : Thirteen infants out of a total population of 37 revealed neutropenia. Respiratory distress syndrome and requirement for respiratory support were not different between infants with neutropenia( neutropenia group) and infants without neutropenia(control group). Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and grade 3 and 4 IVH were more frequent in neutropenia group(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant increase of PVL in neutropenia group. The neutrophil count was $18,760.0{\pm}10,266.1/mm^3$, $7,272.0{\pm}7,435.0/mm^3$ infants with PVL and $11,131.7{\pm}3,386.5/mm^3$, $2,407.5{\pm}1,933.1/mm^3$ in infants without PVL, respectively. The frequency of mechanical ventilation and artificial surfactant therapy was higher in infants with PVL compared with infants without PVL, but statistical analysis was not performed due to small number of subjects. Conclusion : A low number of neutrophils in the systemic circulation was not associated with an increased risk of PVL in premature infants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1208-1214
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• 2011

Caffeine, a psychoactive stimulant, has been implicated in the modulation of learning and memory functions due to its action as a non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist. On the contrary, some side effects of caffeine have been reported, such as an increased energy loss and metabolic rate, decrease DNA synthesis in the spleen, and increased oxidative damage to exerted on LDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a safe stimulant from natural plants mixture (Aralia elata, Acori graminei Rhizoma, Chrysanthemum, Dandleion, Guarana, Shepherd's purse) that can be used as a substitute for caffeine. Thirty SD rats were divided into three groups; control group, caffeine group (15.0 mg/kg, i.p.), and natural plants mixture group (NP, 1 mL/kg, p.o.). The effect of NP extract on stimulant activity was evaluated with open-field test (OFT) and plus maze test for measurement of behavioral profiles. Plasma lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation in LDL (conjugated dienes), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP) and DNA damage in white blood, liver, and brain cells were measured. In the OFT, immobility time was increased significantly by acute (once) and chronic (3 weeks) supplementation of NP and showed a similar effect to caffeine treatment. Three weeks of caffeine treatment caused plasma lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in liver cells, whereas there were no changes in the NP group. NP group showed a higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration compared to the caffeine group. The results indicate that the natural plants mixture had a stimulant effect without inducing oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.323-334
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• 1996

Male Mongolian gerbils $(60{\sim}80g)$ were given DL-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; 250mg/kg, ip) and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG; 50 mg/k, ip), respectively, 1 h prior to transient (7 min) occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (OBC7) and a daily dose of one of them for 6 days after recirculation, and the polyamine contents, activities of ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases (ODC and SAM-DC), and light microscopic findings of the hippocampus were evaluated. The hippocampal putrescine (PT) levels of the control gerbils treated with saline (STGr), markedly increased after OBC7, showing a peak level at 24 h after recirculation. The peak PT level was reduced in DFMO treated gerbils (DTCr) and in MGBG treated gerbils (MTGr). And 7 days after recirculation, the PT level of DTGr was decreased to about 75% of the PT level in the sham operated group (nonTGr) and to about 55% of the STGr level, respectively. The hippocampal spermidine (SD) level of STGr tended to decline, showing the lowest value at 8 h after recirculation. But the spermidine (SD) level of DTGr was somewhat higher at 8 h after OBC7 than those of STGr and MTGr The hippocampal spermine (SM) levels of all the experimental groups were little changed for 7 days after OBC. OBC7 markedly increased the hippocampal ODC activity. reaching a maximum (about 3 times higher than preischemic level) at 8 h and rapidly recovered to the control value by 24 h in STGr gerbils, and the OBC7-induced increase of ODC activity was significantly attenuated by DFMO or MGBG treatment. Whereas OBC7 induced a rapid decrease of the hippocampal SAMDC activity follwed by gradual recovery to the preischemic level, and the decrease of the SAMDC activity was slightly attenuated by DFMO or MGBG treatment. 7 Days after OBC7 the histological finding of the hippocampal complex stained with cresyl violet showed an extensive delayed neuronal damage in the CA1 region and to a lesser extent, in the dentate gyrus, sparing the CA3 region. And the neuronal death was aggevated by DFMO but significantly attenuated by MGBG. The immunochemical reactivity of hippocampus to anti-GFAP antibody was significantly increased in the CA1 region and to a lesser extent, in the dentate gyrus 7 days after OBC7, but was little changed in the CA3. And the increase of the anti-GFAP immunoreactivity was moderately enhanced by DFMO and significantly suppressed by MGBG. These results suggest that the polyamine metabolism may play a modulatory role in the ischemic brain damage.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2005

Purpose : The pathologic mechanisms of central nervous system(CNS) injuries in human meningitis are not yet completely understood. Recent studies indicate that the host inflammatory responses are as important in brain damage as the infecting organisms and toxins. There have been some reports on the relationship of nitric oxide(NO), macrophage inflammatory protein-$1{\alpha}$(MIP-$1{\alpha}$), and lactoferrin in bacterial meningitis, but few reports in aseptic meningitis. Thus, we investigated the concentrations of NO, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ and lactoferrin in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and serum of patients with aseptic meningitis and control subjects and evaluated their relationship with other parameters of meningitis. Methods : CSF and blood were obtained from 25 subjects with aseptic meningitis and 15 control subjects. After centrifugation, supernatants were stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ and we assayed the concentrations of NO, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ and lactoferrin with the ELISA method. There were no patients with neurologic sequelae after being recovered from aseptic meningitis. Results : Concentrations of CSF and serum NO, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ were not increased in aseptic meningitis subjects compared to control subjects. Concentration of CSF lactoferrin was significantly elevated in patients with aseptic meningitis and concentration of serum lactoferrin was significantly decreased in patients with aseptic meningitis compared with those in control subjects(P<0.05). CSF lactoferrin level was positively correlated with CSF WBC counts($r_s=0.449$, P=0.007), especially with neutrophil counts($r_s=0.574$, P<0.001) and CSF protein level($r_s=0.508$, P=0.002). Conclusion : Lactoferrin plays an important role in aseptic meningitis and may be released from neutrophils recruited from blood to the CSF through breakdown of blood-brain barrier. NO and MIP-$1{\alpha}$ may not be important factors in the pathogenesis of aseptic meningitis without neurologic sequelae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.347-355
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• 2015

Oxidative stress is one of the key mechanisms involved in neuronal damage. Neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of action of several wild vegetables, Cirsium setidens (CS), Pleurospermum kamtschaticumin (PK), and Allium victorials (AV), against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in SK-N-SH cells were investigated. CS and AV up to $400{\mu}g/mL$ showed no detectable effects on cell viability of human SK-N-SH neuro-blastoma cells compared with control. Incubation of SK-N-SH cells with hydrogen peroxide resulted in significant induction of cell death and reaction oxygen species (ROS) production, whereas treatment of cells with CS and AV significantly reduced cell death and ROS production, respectively. Among the wild vegetables tested, CS and PK showed more effective DPPH radical scavenging activity than AV, whereas PK showed strong cytotoxicity in SK-N-SH cells compared with the control. CS showed much higher inhibitory effects on cell death and ROS generation against oxidative stress than AV. Thus, CS was selected for subsequent experiments. Ethyl acetate (EA), hexane, butanol, aqueous, and chloroform extracts from CS significantly inhibited cell death and ROS generation in SK-N-SH cells induced by oxidative stress. EA extract from CS (CS-EA) showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity, intra-cellular ROS-scavenging activity, and neuroprotective effects. CS-EA attenuated apoptosis signal-regulating p38 activation by inhibiting phosphorylation. The findings suggest that CS-EA protects neuronal cells through antioxidant activity and inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 in brain neural cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2021

To evaluate the protective effect of Codium fragile on fine dust (PM2.5)-induced cytotoxicity, we investigated its antioxidant activity and cell protective effect on PM2.5-exposed cells. The 40% ethanolic extract of C. fragile showed the highest total phenolic content, whereas the water extract of C. fragile showed the highest total polysaccharide content. The protective effect of the extracts on PM2.5-induced oxidative damage in nasal cavity (RPMI2650), lung (A549), brain (MC-IXC), hippocampus (HT-22), and microglia (BV-2) cells was evaluated by measuring the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and cell viability. The results showed that the 40% ethanolic extract more efficiently inhibited ROS production than the water extract. In contrast, PM2.5-exposed cells treated with the water extract showed higher viability than those treated with the 40% ethanolic extract.