• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.132-139
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• 2016

In the bandpass sampling(BPS), the sampling frequency for the analog-to-digital converter is lower than that of the signal to be sampled. Since the BPS operation results in the signal spectrum to be copied on the baseband, it is possible for the frequency down-converter to be conveniently omitted. The second-order BPS system is introduced in order to cancel the aliased interference components from the BPS output that may be generated by the BPS processing. In this paper, we introduce a design method for the optimal phase of the interpolant filter in the second-order BPS system which enables to maximally cancel the aliased components. Being mathematically derived, this method can always be applied independently to the spectral characteristics of the BPS input signal. The performance improvements by the suggested method has been measured statistically with various power spectra of the received signal, and it has been shown that the maximal amount of the improvements reaches up to 5~20 [dB] in comparison with the previous suboptimal algorithm.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2015

In the bandpass sampling (BPS), the sampling frequency is lower than the frequency of the signal to be sampled. In this method, the baseband spectrum can be directly obtained by the sampling operation. This makes the frequency down converter unnecessary as well as the receiver's circuit simpler. In the second-order BPS system, two sampling devices are used. When aliasing occurs due to the sampling operation, the aliased component can be cancelled by combining the two sampled signals. In this paper, it is presented a design method of the second-order BPS system when multiple interferences are simultaneously aliased to the signal component. The optimum phase of the interpolant filter is searched for maximizing the signal-to-interference ratio, and a practical formula for the suboptimal phase is derived in terms of the power spectrum profile of the BPS input. A computer simulation has been performed for the proposed second-order BPS system, and it has been shown that the signal-to-interference ratio can be increased by considering multiple aliasing.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.511-517
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• 2024

Objective: To prospectively investigate the influence of the menstrual cycle on the background parenchymal signal (BPS) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the breast on diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) in healthy premenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Seven healthy premenopausal women (median age, 37 years; range, 33-49 years) with regular menstrual cycles participated in this study. DW-MRI was performed during each of the four phases of the menstrual cycle (four examinations in total). Three radiologists independently assessed the BPS visual grade on images with b-values of 800 sec/mm² (b800), 1200 sec/mm² (b1200), and a synthetic 1500 sec/mm² (sb1500). Additionally, one radiologist conducted a quantitative analysis to measure the BPS volume (%) and ADC values of the BPS (ADC_BPS) and fibroglandular tissue (ADC_FGT). Changes in the visual grade, BPS volume (%), ADC_BPS, and ADC_FGT during the menstrual cycle were descriptively analyzed. Results: The visual grade of BPS in seven women varied from mild to marked on b800 and from minimal to moderate on b1200 and sb1500. As the b-value increased, the visual grade of BPS decreased. On b800 and sb1500, two of the seven volunteers showed the highest visual grade in the early follicular phase (EFP). On b1200, three of the seven volunteers showed the highest visual grades in EFP. The BPS volume (%) on b800 and b1200 showed the highest value in three of the six volunteers with dense breasts in EFP. Three of the seven volunteers showed the lowest ADC_BPS in the EFP. Four of the seven volunteers showed the highest ADC_BPS in the early luteal phase (ELP) and the lowest ADC_FGT in the late follicular phase (LFP). Conclusion: Most volunteers did not exhibit specific BPS patterns during their menstrual cycles. However, the highest BPS and lowest ADC_BPS were more frequently observed in EFP than in the other menstrual cycle phases, whereas the highest ADC_BPS was more common in ELP. The lowest ADC_FGT was more frequent in LFP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.280-289
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to determine the stimulation variables which should be considered when neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is applied for a muscle under the normal innervation to minimize muscle fatigue and increase force-generating ability. Methods: A total of 23 healthy men participated in the study and all subjects were randomly assigned to the 1:1 group, 1:3 group, 1:5 group, and control group with on-off ratio of NMES. The subjects performed a fatigue task, consisting of 10 times of isometric contraction sustained by NMES. NMES using Russian current stimulation was applied to muscle fatigue and divided into three sessions by pulse frequency (10 bps, 30 bps, 90 bps). The EMG was recorded using an MP 100 system from the quadriceps femoris muscle in four groups. Results: The differences of delta MdF and delta MF of between on-off ratio groups of 10 bps, 30 bps, and 90 bps pulse frequencies were very significant (p<0.05). According to the results of post hoc of 10, 90 bps, it was greater in the 1:1 group and the 1:3 group compared with the 1:5 group, and no fatigue was observed in the control group. In 30 bps, it was greater in the 1:1 group compared with 1:3, 1:5, and control group (p<.05). Conclusion: Among NMES variables to minimize muscle fatigue, the larger on-off ratio by pulse frequency showed the lower muscle fatigue. Therefore, on-off ratio needs to be great enough, and will be more efficient with the frequency 30 bps rather than of 10 bps and 90 bps.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.225-230
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• 2013

In a bandpass sampling (BPS), the frequency of the sampler is lower than that of the signal being sampled. In this method, the baseband spectrum directly appears by the sampling operation, so that it is not necessary to use any frequency down-converter, which makes the receiver's hardware simpler. The second-order BPS uses two identical BPS samplers, of which sampling times are offset by each other. By exploiting the relationship between two sampled signals, it can be possible to cancel the aliased signal component or the interference due to the bandpass sampling. In order to cancel the interference, an interpolant filter is used to manipulate the phase characteristics of the BPS sampled signal. In this paper, it is introduced a multiband interpolant filter which can simultaneously cancel multiple interference signals that have been aliased from multiple frequency bands. In case of no need of interference cancellation, another method is suggested to enhance the signal quality by 3dB. A computer simulation has been performed, and the feasibility of the suggested methods has been verified.

• ANNALS OF ANIMAL RESOURCE SCIENCES
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.166-171
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• 2018

The effect of bisphenol S (BPS) on the viability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied in boar sperm and ovarian granulosa cells. Boar semen was incubated in Beltsville thawing solution with either 0 or $5{\mu}M$ BPS for 3 and 6 h. The viability of sperm was analyzed by SYBR14/PI doubling staining, and production of ROS was detected. Ovarian granulosa cells were also treated with BPS for 24, 48, and 72 h. Then, cell viability (0, 5, 10, and $20{\mu}M$) and ROS production (only 0 and $5{\mu}M$ BPS) were assessed. The results showed that, BPS decreased sperm viability at 3 and 6 h, and that BPS increased ROS production (p<0.05). Also, BPS reduced the viability of ovarian granulosa cells (p<0.05), and stimulated ROS production (p<0.05). These results suggest that BPS damages sperm activation and ovarian granulosa cells in the reproductive system.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

The growing of healthy aged edentulous peoples in these days increases the demands of denture which is excellent in function and aesthetic. The Biofunctional Prosthetic System(BPS) is being introduced as a curriculum in a large number of schools in the United States, Europe and Japan. Each stages of BPS are standardized and systematized, on this account BPS is the system that even less experienced clinicians is able to produce highly satisfactory denture for patients. Additionally, the combination of BPS and suction mechanism of mandibular complete denture would make it possible to produce stabilized mandibular denture during oral function. The purpose of this article is to describe a process of producing fuctionally and aesthetically outstanding denture by using BPS combined with mandibular suction mechanism.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1997

The present study was conducted to know the growth and yield of in response to the drought stress at the different soybean growth stage. Drought stress was given to the soybean plants on early vegetative growth at fourth-node stage(FNS), mid-growth at beginning pod stage(BPS) and late growth at beginning seed stage(BSS) for 30 days, which are high availability in soil water stress on climate condition of Korea. Dry weight was decreased severely by water stress at FNS, and BPS and BSS has no difference compared to control. Chlorophyll content of leaf severely decreased at the end of water stress of FNS and BPS, but was recovered at the harvest stage. Drought-stressed root distributed mainly near the soil surface and number and dry weight of root nodule were decreased severely by drought stress at BPS. Number of pod, seed weight and yield were decreased by drought stress and showed the highest yield loss at BPS.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.3-13
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• 2012

Urban area has caused decline of commercial function and infrastructure because of unorganized urban development, and urban regeneration projects have appeared since 2000s in order to solve urban problems. Because urban regeneration projects have a complexation of various use, the complicated business process and unsystematic conduction work, project stakeholders are suffering from problem in conducting project. Therefore, this study suggested the necessity of business system for urban regeneration projects with analyzing situations and stakeholders. Also, this study classified business information through development of BPS in order to make information system of business process in the urban regeneration project and evaluated it after realization for information system based on BPS of urban regeneration projects. Project stakeholders will be systematically provided information about urban regeneration projects through this system and it is expected to accomplish urban regeneration projects effectively.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.205-212
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• 2022

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating chronic disorder characterized by suprapubic pain and urinary symptoms such as urgency, nocturia, and frequency. The prevalence of IC/BPS is increasing as diagnostic criteria become more comprehensive. Conventional pharmacotherapy against IC/BPS has shown suboptimal effects, and consequently, patients with end-stage IC/BPS are subjected to surgery. The novel treatment strategies should have two main functions, anti-inflammatory action and the regeneration of glycosaminoglycan and urothelium layers. Stem cell therapy has been shown to have dual functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic option for IC/BPS, but they come with several shortcomings, such as immune activation and tumorigenicity. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) hold numerous therapeutic cargos and are thus a viable cell-free therapeutic option. In this review, we provide a brief overview of IC/BPS pathophysiology and limitations of the MSC-based therapies. Then we provide a detailed explanation and discussion of therapeutic applications of EVs in IC/BPS as well as the possible mechanisms. We believe our review will give an insight into the strengths and drawbacks of EV-mediated IC/BPS therapy and will provide a basis for further development.