• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.635-643
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• 2000

To compare the antioxidative activities of fish skin and bovine skin gelatin hydrolysate, gelatin hydrolysates from Alaska pollack and bovine skin were prepared by various enzymatic hydrolysis methods (1st step, Alcalase; 2nd step, pronase E; 3rd step, collagenase) using a continuous three-step membrane reactor. The molecular weight distributions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd step hydrolysates were 7∼10 kDa, 2∼5 kDa and 0.7∼0.9 kDa, respectively. The antioxidative activity of fish skin gelatin hydrolysate was stronger than that of bovine skin gelatin hydrolysate, and in particular, both of 2nd step hydrolysates showed more antioxidative activity than hydrolysates of any other step. The optimum antioxidative activity concentration of the 2nd step hydeolysates of fish and boving skin were 1% (w/w) in a linoleic acid water-alcohol emulsion. In cultured cells exposed to t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), the 2nd step hydrolysate of fish skin gelatin delayed cell death most. These results suggest that the antioxidative activity of fish skin gelatin hydrolysate is higher than that of bovine skin gelatin hydrolysate because of their different amino acid contents.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.645-652
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• 1999

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of bovine amniotic membrane grafts on healing of full-thickness skin wound in dogs. Two $3cm{\times}3cm$ area-matched full-thickness skin wounds were induced bilaterally on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 15 dogs. Chlorhexidine-treated amnion, dried amnion, silver sulfadiazine and 0.9% sterile saline solution were applied on the wound area and examined grossly and histopathologically. Begining 14 days after wounding, amnion applied group had appreciably less amount of inflammatory exudate and hemorrhage than sulfadiazine and saline treated groups. From 14 days after wounding, the degree of wound contraction in amnion groups, especially in the dried amnion group was greater than that of the sulfadiazine and saline treated groups. The percentages of wounds completely healed on 28 days after wounding in saline treated group, chlorhexidine-treated amnion group, dried amnion group and sulfadiazine treated group were 33%, 50%, 83% and 50%, respectively. Microscopically neovascularization and fibrosis were first noticed on 5 days after wounding in the dried amnion group and sulfadiazine treated group, on 7 days in the chlorhexidine-treated amnion group and on 14 days in the saline treated group. Epithelialization in the dried amnion and sulfadiazine treated groups was first noticed on 9 days after wounding, which was faster than that in the other groups. The present study suggests that bovine amniotic membrane, especially dried bovine amnion is effective on healing of full-thickness skin wound in dogs through both wound contraction and epithelialization.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.446-458
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative status and quality characteristics of four animal skin-derived fats extracted using an identical extraction method. Pressurized hot water extraction, a green extraction method, was used to extract animal skin fats (duck, chicken, swine, and bovine skin). Multiple experiments were performed during accelerated storage at $60^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. Quality characteristics, such as extraction yield, iodine value (IV), fatty acid composition, and fat viscosity were determined. In addition, indicators for oxidative status, including acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD), and total oxidation (totox) values were evaluated. The fat extraction yield was highest in bovine fat, followed by duck, swine, and chicken fats. The IV was higher in duck and chicken fats. Duck fats contained the most unsaturated fats and the least saturated fats. Fat oxidation indicators, such as PV, TBARS, and totox values, were relatively higher in duck fats during storage compared to the other fats. Other indicators, including AV, p-AV, and CD, were similar in duck, chicken, and swine fats. Viscosity was similar in all the tested fats but markedly increased after 70 days of storage in duck fats. Our data indicate that duck skin fat was more vulnerable to oxidative changes in accelerated storage conditions and this may be due to its higher unsaturated fatty acid content. Supplementation with antioxidants might be a reasonable way to solve the oxidation issue in duck skin fats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 1997

In order to supplement a diagnostic method for detection of infectious cattle to bovine tuberculosis, performed ELISA for detection of antibody to if bovis in serum and milk. The diagnostic efficacy of the established ELISA was compared with test of the tuberculin skin test for bovine tuberculosis. The positive corresponding rate of serum ELISA and tuberculin skin test showed 84.3%, milk ELISA and tuberculin skin test showed 75.0%, milk ELISA and serum ELISA showed 75.0% respectively. Comparison of the serum and milk to tuberculin antibody concentration in tuberculin positive cattle, the milk contained 1/100-1/150 concentration compared serum tuberculin concentration. The established ELISA was considered efficient for detection of antibodies to M bovis in serum and milk.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2001

To identify the antioxidative peptides in the gelatin hydrolysate of bovine skin, the gelatin was hydrolyzed with serial digestions in the order of Alcalase, pronase E, and collagenase using a three-step recycling membrane reactor. The second enzymatic hydrolysate (hydrolyzed with pronase E) was composed of peptides ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 kDa, and showed the highest antioxidative activity, as determined by the thiobarbituric acid method. Three different peptides were purified from the second hydrolysate using consecutive chromatographic methods. This included gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column, ion-exchange chromatography on a SP-Sephadex C-25 column, and high-performance liquid chromatography on an octadecylsilane chloride column. The isolated peptides were composed of 9 or 10 amino acid residues. They are: Gly-Glu-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Ala-Hyp (PI), Gly-ProHyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly (PII), and Gly-ProHyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Hyp (PIII), as characterized by Edman degradation and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The antioxidative activities of the purified peptides were measured using the thiobarbituric acid method, and the cell viability with a methylthiazol tetrazolium assay The results showed that PII had potent antioxidative activity on peroxidation of linoleic acid. Moreover, the cell viability of cultured liver cells was significantly enhanced by the addition of the peptide. These results suggest that the purified peptide, PII, from the gelatin hydrolysate of bovine skin is a natural antioxidant, which has potent antioxidative activity.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2001

To facilitate the widespread application of somatic cell cloning, improvements in blastocyst production efficiency and subsequent fetal viability are required. Area where technical improvements are needed include donor cell treatments, starvation and passage numbers. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of serum-starvation and passage on the development of ear skin fibroblast cells cloned embryos. A skin biopsy was obtained from the ear of a 2-year-old Korean Hanwoo female. The cells were cultured in 10% FBS＋DMEM up to 2-3 months(up to 10 passages) and then used. In Experiment 1, the Korean bovine Ear Skin Fibroblast cells (KbESF) were either serum starved (culture in 0.05% FBS＋DMEM) or serum fed (10% FBS＋DMEM) for 4-7 days Prior to NT In Experiment 2, the KbESF cells used for nuclear transfer in these experiments were from passages 2 to 10. The development of 208 nuclear transfer (NT) embryos reconstructed from either serum starved or serum fed ear skin fibroblast was assessed. NT embryos reconstructed from serum starved and serum fed cells showed the same developmental rate (cleavage 80.16 vs. 85.37%; blastocyst 20.63 vs. 19,51%). The development of 590 nuclear transfer (NT) embryos reconstructed from passage 2 to 10 was assessed. We observed the same developmental rates for embryos derived from later Passages as compared with those embryos from early passages(blastocyst from 16.69 to 27.91%, average 20.17%). There was no significant difference between serum-fed and serum-starved donor cells. We observed no difference in developmental rates for embryos derived from 2 to 10 passages. These data show that prolonged culture and serum starvation does not affects the cloning competence of adult somatic cells.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.657-663
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• 1996

The API STAPH system was compared with conventional methods for identification of 214 strains of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus isolated from cases of exudative epidermitis in piglets, skin of healthy pigs, skin of healthy chickens and bovine intramammary infections, and biochemical characteristics among the swine, avian and bovine strains were also compared. All of the swine and bovine strains produced acid within 24 hours from fructose, lactose and trehalose by conventional methods, but some of the avian strains showed a delayed positive reaction in these carbohydrates. These delayed positive strains in conventional methods gave usually negative results for them in the API STAPH system. With the API STAPH system, eighteen different profile numbers were encountered in 214 strains of swine, avian and bovine origin. The swine and bovine strains, respectively, were distributed among 4 profiles, while the avian strains were distributed among 17 profiles. The profile number observed most frequently in the strains of each animal species was uniformly 6 516 153. By conventional methods, approximately 96% of the swine strains were positive for ${\beta}$-glucuronidase, but not in any strains from chickens and cattle. For hyaluronidase production determined by degradation of sodium hyaluronidate in a solid culture medium, all the swine and bovine strains were positive, but only 37.5% of the avian strains were positive for it. From these findings, there were differences in the production of extracellular active substances between swine strains of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus and those isolated from chickens and cattle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.359-365
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• 1997

Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus strains isolated from pigs, chickens and cattle were examined for the production of staphylokinase after inhibition of staphylococcal proteases by two procedures with EDTA(disodium). In one, EDTA was added to the bovine fibrin-dog plasminogen agar medium in concentration of 0.07% and paper strips soaked in 2mg/ml soy bean trypsin inhibitor were then applied on the agar plates. In the other, paper strips soaked in 5% EDTA solution were applied on the bovine fibrin-dog plasminogen agar plates and the strains to be tested were then streaked at right angles with the strip. By these procedures, staphylokinase activity was detected in 8(88.9%) of 9 strains from diseased pigs and in 57(80.3%) of 71 strains from skin of healthy pigs, but not in any strains from skin of healthy chickens and milk samples of mastitic cattle. Additionally kinase activity in 9 Staphylococcus species and subspecies isolated from bovine intramammary infections was also tested by these procedures. Staphylokinase activity was detected in 74.2% of Staph aureus strains and in 25% of Staph xylosus strains.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2007

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is very important disease in cattle industry with a worldwide distribution. Detection and elimination of persistently infected calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was valuable strategy for BVD eradication because those calves were main source for transmission. We surveyed persistent infection with BVDV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) using whole blood and skin. Five hundred thirty nine Korean native calves were tested. Four calves (0.7%) were positive for BVDV antigen for both tests. Those calves remained positive for follow-up by RT-PCR and IHC. Therefore they were identified as persistently infected with BVDV. We confirmed that immunohistochemistry using skin biopsy samples was very useful tool to detect persistently infected calves with BVDV. As far as we know, this would be first report on persistent infection with BVDV in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.419-426
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• 2008

Physicochemical characteristics of gelatin extracted from abdominal skin of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), were investigated by comparing its proximate composition, pH, amino acid composition, viscoelastic properties, gel strength and SDS-PAGE patterns, with those of bovine and porcine gelatins. The effects of gelatin concentration, maturation time, heat and freeze treatments on the gel strength of yellowfin tuna abdominal skin gelatin were studied. Amounts of $\alpha$-chains, $\beta$- and $\gamma$-components of yellowfin tuna abdominal skin gelatin were higher than those of the two mammailan gelatins. Yellowfin tuna abdominal skin gelatin had the lowest imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) content, which was consistent with that of other fishes. However, yellowfin tuna abdominal skin gelatin was highest in glycine, alanine, and lysine. The gel strengths of all gelatins were proportional to the concentration of gelatin, but yellowfin tuna abdominal skin gelatin exhibited the greatest gel strength at each concentration. Yellowfin tuna abdominal skin gelatin required a longer maturation time than the two mammalian gelatins to form a firm gel. Higher heating temperature decreased the gel strength of yellow fin tuna abdominal skin gelatin more than in the two mammalian gelatins. Freezing decreased the gel strength of bovine gelatin only slightly, but longer freezing times resulted in greater reductions in gel strength in the yellowfin tuna abdominal skin and porcine gelatins.