• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.9-11
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• 2019

Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been widely used to treat muscle spasms in many voice disorders. Most commercially available forms of BTX require reconstitution before use, which may increase the risk of contamination and requires careful titration. Recently, a liquid-type BTX type A (BTX-A) has been developed, which should simplify the procedure and enhance its efficacy. In this session, I will discuss about the differences of BTX-A from existing types and the practical issues associated with it.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2007

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has a local effect at the neuromuscular junction by blocking acetylcholine release and thus causing paralysis and atrophy of the affected muscles. In dentistry, Botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) is used for the treatment of masseteric hypertrophy, temporomandibular disorder, and severe bruxism related neurologic disorder. We hypothesized that the muscle atrophy after BTX-A injection into masseter muscle in growing rats, could affect the jaw growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the BTX-A injected into the masseter muscle on the jaw growth in rats. Rats were divided into four groups(group 1; control group, group 2; saline injection group, group 3; BTX-A injection group, group 4; baseline control group). Group 4 was sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment to provide baseline values of jaw measurements. The weight, length and width of jaw in those groups were measured every weeks. This study reported that the mandibular body length, condylar length, coronoid process length, anterior region height, coronoid process height and condylar height of the jaw in BTX-A injection group were shorter than those of the control and saline injection groups(P<0.05). In conclusion, BTX-A injected into the masseter muscle may affect the undergrowth of the jaw in rats.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제38권
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• pp.33.1-33.6
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the expression levels of p65 and S100 in the rat masseter muscle after the injection of different concentrations of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A). Methods: We injected either 5 or 10 U of BTX-A into both masseter muscle of rats. As a control group, the same volume of saline was injected. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed. Subsequently, a biopsy and immunohistochemical staining of the samples were performed using a p65 or S100 antibody. Results: The cross-sectional area of each myofibril was significantly reduced by BTX-A injection (P < 0.001). The expression of p65 and S100 increased significantly with increasing concentrations of BTX-A (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The injection of BTX-A into the masseter muscle induced muscle atrophy. Subsequently, p65 and S100 expression in myoblasts were increased for the protection of muscle cells.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제37권
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• pp.10.1-10.5
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in the masseter muscle using electromyography (EMG) in an animal model. Methods: Ten male adult (>3 months of age) New Zealand white rabbits were used. Muscle activity was continuously recorded from 8 hours before to 8 hours after BTX-A injection. The rabbits received unilateral BTX-A injections of either 5 units (group 1, n = 5) or 20 units (group 2, n = 5). Results: The masseter muscle activity of the rabbits was significantly reduced immediately after BTX-A injection (P < 0.05 for both groups). When the results from group 1 were compared with those from group 2, only the peak voltage was significantly decreased in group 2 (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Masseter muscle activity measured by EMG was immediately decreased after a BTX-A injection.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.42.1-42.15
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• 2019

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used in various ways such as temporarily resolving muscular problems in musculoskeletal temporomandibular disorders, inducing a decrease in bruxism through a change in muscular patterns in a patient's bruxism, and solving problems in patients with tension headache. And also, BTX is widely used in cosmetic applications for the treatment of facial wrinkles after local injection, but conditions such as temporomandibular joint disorders, headache, and neuropathic facial pain could be treated with this drug. In this report, we will discuss the clinical use of BTX for facial wrinkle, intraoral ulcer, and cranio-maxillofacial pain with previous studies and share our case.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2005

근막동통(myofascial pain syndrome, MPS)은 근막발통점에 의해 야기되는 지각, 운동 및 자율신경계의 증상으로 발통점이 자극되면 이환부에 동통을 발생할 뿐 아니라 연관통, 연관압통, 운동신경장애, 자율신경반응을 야기할 수 있다. 본 연구는 근막동통의 다양한 치료법 중에서 botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A)의 주사의 효과를 국소마취제인 lidocaine의 주사효과와 비교하였다. 상부 승모근에 6개월 이상 활동성 발통점을 가진 21명의 환자를 선정한 다음, 무작위로 두 군으로 나누어 한 군(BTX-A 주사군, n=12)에는 발통점에 BTX-A(15 unit of $Botox^{(R)}$ / 0.3 ml per trigger point (TrP))를 주사하고 다른 군(lidocaine 주사군, n=9)에는 0.5% lidocaine (0.3 ml /TrP)를 주사하였다. 두 군 모두 주사는 1 회만 시행하였으며 운동요법이나 물리치료 및 약물치료는 시행하지 않았다. 주사 후 동통의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 주사 전 및 주사 후 2 주, 4 주, 6 주, 8 주에 주관적 동통척도인 VAS와 압력통각역치(PPT)를 측정하였으며 실험은 이중맹검으로 시행되었다. 실험결과, BTX-A 주사군은 주사 후 8 주의 시간이 경과되는 동안 VAS가 지속적으로 감소하였으며 PPT는 지속적으로 증가하였으나 lidocaine 주사군에서는 VAS의 감소만이 관찰되었다. 즉, 주관적인 동통척도에 있어서는 BTX-A 주사군과 lidocaine 주사군 사이에 유의한 통계학적 차이가 나타나지 않고(p=0.347), 두 군 모두 시간경과에 따라 동통이 감소하는 양상을 보여주었다. 그러나 PPT의 경우에는 BTX-A 주사군에서만 감소하여 두 군 사이에 유의한 통계학적 차이가 관찰되었다(p=0.000). 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 상부승모근 발통점에 대한 BTX-A 주사는 효과적이고 신뢰할 만한 치료법이라고 생각된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제40권
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• pp.5.1-5.8
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of masticatory muscle injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on the growth of the mandibular bone in vivo. Methods: Eleven Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and BTX-A (n = 6) or saline (n = 5) was injected at 13 days of age. All injections were given to the right masseter muscle, and the BTX-A dose was 0.5 units. All of the rats were euthanized at 60 days of age. The skulls of the rats were separated and fixed with 10% formalin for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis. Results: The anthropometric analysis found that the ramus heights and bigonial widths of the BTX-A-injected group were significantly smaller than those of the saline-injected group (P < 0.05), and the mandibular plane angle of the BTX-A-injected group was significantly greater than in the saline-injected group (P < 0.001). In the BTX-A-injected group, the ramus heights II and III and the mandibular plane angles I and II showed significant differences between the injected and non-injected sides (P < 0.05). The BTX-A-injected side of the mandible in the masseter group showed significantly lower mandibular bone growth compared with the non-injected side. Conclusion: BTX-A injection into the masseter muscle influences mandibular bone growth.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.50-52
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• 2018

A 6-month-old castrated male poodle presented with a cough, dysphagia, and regurgitation. Cricopharyngeal achalasia (CPA) was diagnosed by clinical history and a fluoroscopic examination. The animal received a botulinum toxin (BTX) injection but symptoms had not resolved by three days after injection. Thus, a cricopharyngeal and thyropharyngeal muscle myotomy was performed and immediately the clinical signs resolved. This report describes successful correction of CPA with myotomy after failure of BTX injection in a dog.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제48권12호
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• pp.889-892
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• 2010

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), a potent neurotoxin that reversibly blocks presynaptic acetylcholine release, has been applied successfully to treat facial spastic conditions such as blepharospasm, strabismus and cervical dystonia. Since the first reported application in dentistry in 1994, BTX-A has been used with great success to used in the orofacial region to help treat masticatory and facial muscle spasm, severe bruxism, facial tics, and hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles. The clinician may be aware of the many courses becoming available and aimed at dentists to start using it in the cosmetic context. This article intends to provide a basic understanding of the many functional uses of the drug in the orofacial region that may be relevant to everyday practice, especially in orthodontic field.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.188-192
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• 2013

Post-traumatic anterior open bite can occur as a result of broken balance among the masticatory muscles. The superior hyoid muscle group retracts the mandible downward and contributes to the anterior open bite. Denervation of the digastric muscle by injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can reduce the power of the digastric muscle and help to resolve the post-traumatic anterior open bite. A patient with a bilateral angle fracture had an anterior open bite even after undergoing three operations under general anesthesia and rubber traction. Although the open bite showed some improvement by the repeated operation, the occlusion was still unstable six weeks after the initial treatment. To eliminate the residual anterior open bite, BTX-A was injected into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Following injection of BTX-A, the anterior open bite showed immediate improvement. Complication and relapse were not observed during follow-up. Long-standing post-traumatic open bite could be successfully corrected by injection of BTX-A into the anterior belly of the digastric muscle without complication.