• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1986

This study was conducted to bring light on inducing factors for non-sprouting occured in the mulberry field of Kyungpook Province in 1983. The results are as follws ; 1. In spring, winter buds were suddenly died during germination, necrosis appeared in pholem and cortex of non-sprouting stem and measles at the bottom of non-sprouting stem. 2. The depth of available of soil was more shallow in the non-sproutiong field than in healthy field. 3. There was no signifioant difference between the healthy field and non-sprouting field in siol PH, the content of organic matter, available phosphorous and exchangeble cations. 4. Available boron content in soil was significantly more in healthy field than in non-sprouting field. 5. Boron content in leaf and bark was significantly lower in the non-sproutiong tree than in the healthy tree. 6. The non-sprouting fields were completely controlled by the application of 6kg/10a borax. 7. Cold tolerance of the mulberry tree was higher in the mulberry tree with boron than in the mulberry tree without boron. 8. Mulberry tree in Kyungpook Province in 1983 may absorb water earlier compared with the average year because of high temperature at the end of March, 1983 and they had been damaged by frost injuary due to the lowest temperature (-6.4$^{\circ}C$) on the grass at the beginning of April 1983. As the above results, non-sprouting bud in the mulberry fields of Kyungpook Province in 1983 had been occured by low temperature and boron deficiency and boron deficiency of mulberry trees accelerared the frost injury.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.179-189
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• 2021

Plants need essential mineral elements to favorably develop and to complete their life cycle. Despite the irreplaceable roles of microelements, they are often ignored due to the relative importance of macroelements with their influence on crop growth and development. We focused on the changes in primary metabolites in the leaves and roots of bell pepper plants under 6 microelements-deficient conditions: Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Boron (B) and Molybdenum (Mo). Bell pepper plants were grown in hydroponic containers, and individual elements were adjusted to 1/10-strength of Hoagland nutrient solution. A remarkable perturbation in the abundance of the primary metabolites was observed for the Fe and B and the Mn and B deficiencies in the leaves and roots, respectively. The metabolites with up-accumulation in the Fe-deficient leaves were glucose, fructose, xylose, glutamine, asparagine and serine. In contrast, the Mn deficiency also resulted in a higher accumulation of glucose, fructose, xylose, galactose, serine, glycine, β-alanine, alanine and valine in the roots. The B deficiency noticeably accumulated alanine, valine and phenylalanine in the roots while it showed a substantial decrease in glucose, fructose and xylose. These results show that the primary metabolism could be seriously disturbed due to a microelement deficiency, and the alteration may be either the specific or adaptive responses of bell pepper plants.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1974

These studies are conducted to find out inducing factors for the non-sprouting bud which appears in the utility reclaimed hill mulberry held and to establish control method for it since 1971. The results are as follows： 1. In spring, winter bud does not germinate at all on the top of branches or does wither suddenly after or during its germination. Necrosis and browning are appeared in cortex and phloem of non-sprouting bud branch. In autumn, the deterioration of leaves, the abnormal leaves on the top of branch, and browning of veins or petioles are also observed. 2. The soil of non-sprouting bud mulberry Held were found to be sand loom derived from granite rocks. The sub soil of it was very poor in development of root system because it had hard soil and lower pore space ratio. Especially, the sub soil to bring about severe non-sprouting bud had been easily appeared with deficiency of moisture content because of high density solid. 3. Content of soil moisture was significantly lower in the severe non-sprouting bud soil than in the healthy field. The sub soil o( the healthy field contained proper moisture content. On the other hand, the sub soil of the severe non-sprouting bud held contained almost critical moisture content for wilting. 4. The depth of available soil was shallow in the non-sprouting bud than in the healthy fold. The more rate of the non-sprouting bud was severe, the more available soil depth was sallow. 5. Available boron content in soil was affected by moisture content in soil. There was. lower moisture content in the non-sprouting bud field than that in healthy fold during 5, June to 5, September. 6. There was no significant correlation between soil pH and available boron content. On the other hand, the correlation of the content of organic matter and available boron content appeared to be highly positive significance. 7. The quantity of boron was significantly contained more in healthy mulberry field (0.34∼0.43ppm) than in non-sprouting bud field (0.10∼0.28ppm). 8. Boron content in leaves and barks was significantly lower in the non-sprouting bud trees than in healthy trees. 9. The symptom of non-sprouting bud induced from boron free sand culture was similar with that arised in the non-sprouting bud field. 10. The rate of non-sprouting bud was high by the increased application of lime. Considering the facts mentioned the above, author may conclude that the non-sprouting bud of mulberry tree is caused by boron deficiency, but also it is affected by the parent rocks, organic matter, soil moisture content and lime application. 11. The non$.$sprouting bud may be completely controlled by the application of 6∼9kg borax per 10a mulberry field twice a year in spring and summer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.381-385
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• 2000

The effect and interaction of Ca and B on exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in the diazotrophically growing cyanobacterium. Nostoc spongiaeforme, was investigated. The absence of B inhibited EPS synthesis 1.56-fold ($16\mu\textrm{g}$ glucose equivalent/mg dry weight, 16 d) over the control cells ($25\mu\textrm{g}$ glucose equivalent) grown in medium containing 0.5 mM Ca and $8{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ B. When B concentration was raised to $40{\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, EPS production was stimulated 1.8-fold. Reduction of Ca concentraion to one-half (0.25 mM) resulted in increased B demand (16$\muM$) by the cells for EPS production at par with the normal sets. However, without Ca, EPS production also increased as B increased. Addition of B to a Ca-free medium stimulated cyanobacterial diazotrophic growth as well as synthesis of Chl a and phycocyanin (0-8 d). The data suggest B-dependent diazotrophic growth during Ca-deficiency and point to and important interactive role of Ca and B in regulation of cyanobacterial EPS synthesis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1967

Chlorella ellipsoidea cells were cultured in an iron, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum or boron-free medium. Physiological activities such as growth rate, reproduction, endogenous and glucose respiration, photosynthetic activity and biosythesis of chlorophyll of the micro-element definition cells were measured. It generally, growth rate, respiratory and photosynthetic activities, and biosynthesis of chlorophyll of the micro-element deficient cells decreased more or less, compared with those of the normal cells. The growth of the algal cells in an iron-free medium were retarded severely with the chlorosis, and the photosynthetic activity of the cells decreased remarkably even though the low content of chlorophyll in the cells owing to the iron-deficiency is considered. Therefore, it is deduced that iron takes part in the photosynthetic process itself, possibly by its participation in the photo phosphorylation coupled with electron transport. Respiratory activity of boron-deficient cells showed the most severe decrease whereas those of the molybdenum-deficient cells showed very slight decrease in spite of severe growth retardation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the residual effects of bituminous coal fly ash, gypsum, oyster shell as soil amendments, Chinese cabbage was cultivated on acidic sandy loam soils with low boron content. The soils were amended in the upper 15cm with amendments in previous year and the growth and qualities of plants were analyzed. Amendments treated one year before were, in metric tons per hectare, i) none(Check) ; ii) 80 fly ash(FA) ; iii) 4 shell(SH) ; iv) 56 fly ash + 24 gypsum (FG) ; v) 40 fly ash + 24 gypsum + 0.8 shell(FGS). Yield response in fresh weight of Chinese cabbage was in order of 834% for FGS > 780% for FG > 755% FA > 193% for SH plants. Reducing sugar, vitamin-C, and total nitrogen contents of leaves depending on treatments showed the same tendencies as that in yields, whereas crude fibre opposite to them. In particular, FA, FG, and FGS plants showed normal growth without both boron deficiency symptoms which appeared in Check and SH plants and possibilities of accumulation of heavy metals. In any soils treated with the above amendments, however, magnesium was insufficient.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.164-169
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the utility of the bituminous coal fly ash, gypsum, oyster shell as soil amendments, acid sandy loam soil with low boron content were amended in the upper 15cm with amendments, and then chinese cabbage was cultivated in fall. Amendments treated were, in metric tons per hectare, i ) none(Check) ; ii) 80 fly ash(FA) ; iii) 4shell(SH) ; iv) 56 fly ash+24gypsum (FG) ; v) 40 fiy ash + 24 gypsum +0.8 shell(FGS). On the whole, amendments imoroved soil chemical properties and contents of N, P, K, Ca, and B in leaves. Among treatmens, FA prominently neutralized soil pH and increased available $P_2O_5$ ,B but decreased Fe contents in soils. FGS also affected the increment of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and available B. Yield response in fresh weight of chinese cabbage was in order of 85% for FGS>77% for FG>66% FA>5% for SH plants. Reducing sugar and vitamin-C contents of leaves depending on treatments showed the same tendencies as that in yields, whereas crude fiber opposite to theme. In particular, FA, FG, and FGS plants showed normal growth without boron deficiency symotoms which appeared in Check and SH plants.Taken together, FGS was an effective combination enable to maximize the utility of fly ash, gypsum, and shell as soil amemdments, especially in cabbage yield and quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.169-178
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of boron application($B_{0}$ ; control, $B_1$; 0.2, $B_2$; 2.0, B$_3$; 6.0, $B_4$; 15.0 boron me/pot) on the forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover. The third part was concerned with the changes in the contents and yields of nitrogen compounds(crude/pure protein and soluble N-compound) in forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. With no additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, in a pure culture, the $B_{0}$ and $B_4$ treatments on white clover decreased the amount of crude/pure protein, and showed nitrogen deficiency symptoms. However, the optimum boron application($B_2$) positively resulted in the increase of crude and pure protein, especially pure protein, and the content ratio of pure protein/soluble N-compounds. With additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, differences were not found among the boron treatments($B_{0}$, $B_2$, and $B_4$). 2. Owing to the decline of white clover as affected by the additional fertilization, especially nitrogen, in the grass-clover mixed cultures, the effects of B-application on these contents of white clover were different and relatively low, compared with the pure cultures. But the positive effect of $B_2$ treatment tended to be similar to the pure cultures. Also, it was recognized that the $B_2$ treatment resulted in the increase of their contents in orchardgrass, however, the effect was relatively minor compared with that of white clover. 3. The optimum B application(B$_2$) on white clover influenced relatively better on the yields of crude and pure protein than on the dry matter yields, especially with no additional fertilization. The effects of boron application on the contents and yields of crude and pure protein were different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed culture, and additional fertilization.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the effects of boron application(B$_{0}$; 0.0, B$_1$; 0.2, $B_2$;2.0, $B_3$;6.0, $B_3$;6.0, $B_4$;15.0me B/pot) on the forage performance in the pure and mixed swards of orchardgrass and white clover. This 1st part was concerned with the changes in the growth, flowers and flower buds, and roots/nodules of forages. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. At the $B_3$ and $B_4$ treatments, the B toxicity was more seriously in white clover than in orchardgrass in the first half of cutting orders, and reduced in the latter half. In white clover, it was more worsened in a mixture than in a pure culture. It was somewhat reduced at the best growth stage of each forage. 2. In orchardgrass, the B toxicity($B_3$,$ B_4$) showed the chlorosis on leaf tips, shallow leaf, little tillers, and weak stems. Whereas it showed the chlorosis/necrosis on old leaf edge, little and weak stolons in white clover. 3. Comparing with the B deficiency($B_{0}$ , $B_1$) and toxicity($B_3$, $B_4$), the optimum B application($B_2$) influenced markedly good growth of shoot, root, nodule, and flower (flower number, blooming period, early full flower) in white clover. 4. Comparing with orchardgrass, white clover was greatly influenced by the boron application. However, this responses of white clover to boron were reduced in a grass-clover mixture with additional fertilization. It was recognized that the good forage performance in a grass-clover mixture could be regulated by the adequate applications of boron and additional fertilizers.s.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.62-71
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• 1991

New Zealand 남섬의 Canterbury 지방과 Nelson 지방의 붕소(硼素) 결핍지역(缺乏地域)과 붕소(硼素) 시비지역(施肥地域)에 생육(生育)하고 있는 라디아타소나무의 해부학적(解剖學的) 차이(差異)를 조사(調査)하였다. 즉 가도관(假導官)의 길이, 방사방향(放射方向)의 가도관(假導官) 내경(內徑), 방사방향(放射方向) 세포벽(細胞璧)의 두께를 조(早), 만재별(晩材別)로 측정(測定)하였고 광학현미경(光學顯微鏡) 및 전자현미경(電子顯微鐘) 특성(特性)을 관찰(觀察) 하였다. 만재(晩材)에서는 가도관(假導官)의 길이에 붕소(硼素) 결핍지역(缺乏地域) 간(間)에 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되었으나, 조재(早材)에서의 가도관(假導官)의 길이 및 가도관(假導官)의 내경(內徑) 및 가도관벽(假導官璧)의 두께는 조(早), 만재(晩材) 모두에서 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 그러나 붕소(硼素) 결핍지역(缺乏地域)에서 생육(生育)된 리디아타소마누에서는 세포벽(細胞璧)의 박리현상(剝離現象) 및 목질화(木質化)가 덜된 부분(部分)에 많이 관찰(觀察)되었고, 찌그러진 세포(細胞)의 다수출현(多數出現) 및 세포(細胞)의 크기가 불균일(不均一)한 것이 많이 출현(出現)되었으며 세포벽(細胞璧)의 간층(間層)이 넓었음이 관찰(觀察)되었다.