• BMB Reports
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.150-155
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• 2017

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the third most common cancer that spreads to the bone, resulting in osteolytic lesions caused by hyperactivation of osteoclasts. Activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGF-TK) are frequently associated with NSCLC, and afatinib is a first-line therapeutic drug, irreversibly targeting EGF-TK. However, the effects of afatinib on osteoclast differentiation and activation as well as the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, afatinib significantly suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (RANK) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Consistently, afatinib inhibited the expression of osteoclast marker genes, whereas, it upregulated the expression of negative modulator genes. The bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts was also abrogated by afatinib. In addition, afatinib significantly inhibited RANKL-mediated Akt/protein kinase B and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. These results suggest that afatinib substantially suppresses osteoclastogenesis by downregulating RANK signaling pathways, and thus may reduce osteolysis after bone metastasis.

• 한국수의병리학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.81-83
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• 2001

A white-yellowish 5-7 cm sized solid mass was observed in the mammary gland of a 7 years old poodle bitch. Mass was well-defined and metastasis was not observed. In microscopic findings, mass contained hyperplasia of glandular epithelial cells, proliferation of mucin-secreting myoepithelial cells and their stroma and formation of cartilage and bone. Bone marrow with fat and hematopoietic cells was observed. Based on the microscopic findings, the mass was diagnosed as benign mixed tumor of the mammary gland in dog.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.856-861
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• 2021

CD82/KAI1은 분자촉진제로서 암 전이억제자로 역할이 잘 알려져 있으나, 최근 줄기 전구 세포와 혈관 신생, 근육에서 다양한 역할들이 밝혀지고 있다. 이에 본 연구진은 최근에 보고된 CD82의 다양한 기능과 역할에 관하여 총설 하고자 한다. CD82는 4개의 막 통과 도메인을 가진 테트라스파닌의 한 종류로 암의 전이 과정에 관여하는 세포접착분자들과의 상호작용을 통하여 암세포의 이동 능력을 저해한다. 암 전이 억제자로의 기능 외에도 줄기세포 니쉬에서도 그 역할이 밝혀졌다. 골수에서 분화재생능력이 뛰어난 최상위 조혈모세포(LT-HSC)에서 CD82가 발현되며, DARC와의 상호결합으로 줄기세포의 휴면을 유도한다. 줄기세포의 휴면 조절 외에도, CD82는 Rac1 활성 조절을 통해 조혈모세포의 골수로의 귀환 및 생착에도 역할을 한다. 또한, CD82는 근육 줄기 세포의 분화능을 유지시키며, 혈관 내피세포에서 세포 접착 분자와 IL-6, VEGF와 같은 사이토카인의 발현을 저해하여 혈관 신생을 억제한다. CD82는 다양한 조직 및 줄기-전구 세포에서 계급을 구별할 수 있는 핵심 세포막 표면 단백질이며, 세포 자원의 증폭 및 검증에 있어 중요하다. 다양한 기관과 세포에서 CD82의 역할과 추가적인 연구들이 줄기세포치료의 임상적 적용에 있어 큰 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

In review of "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" of clinical and experimental studies on malignant tumor, we obtained the conclusions as follows 1. Asthenic splenic qi is an important factor in mutation, occurrence and development of tumor. 2. The anti-tumor mechanism of "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is improvement of immune suveillance, controling cell proliferating period and enhancing body metabolism. 3. "Invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is often used with "nourishing kidney" or "expelling pathogen" for treating cnacer. 4. In experimental studies, "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" has effects on inhibiting occurrence and development of tumor, protecting mutation, inhibiting recurrence and metastasis, immune activity, enhancing metabolism, promoting bone marrow hemopoietic cell proliferation, increasing anti-tumor effect and protecting normal cells. 5. In clinical studies, "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" has effects on prolonging the survival period of cancer patients, improving clinical symptoms and quality of life of cancer patients, degrading the side effects of western therapie(operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). 6. "Invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is an extensive discipline of syndrome differentiation used to inhibit occurence, development, recurrence and metastasis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Objective : The incidence and prevalence of spinal metastases are increasing, and although the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of metastatic tumors of the spine has been well established, the same cannot be said about the role of stereotactic radiosurgery. Herein, the authors present a systematic review regarding the value of spinal stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of spinal metastasis. Methods : A systematic literature search for stereotactic radiosurgery of spinal metastases was undertaken. Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Education (GRADE) working group criteria was used to evaluate the qualities of study datasets. Results : Thirty-one studies met the study inclusion criteria. Twenty-three studies were of low quality, and 8 were of very low quality according to the GRADE criteria. Stereotactic radiosurgery was reported to be highly effective in reducing pain, regardless of prior treatment. The overall local control rate was approximately 90%. Additional asymptomatic lesions may be treated by stereotactic radiosurgery to avoid further irradiation of neural elements and further bone-marrow suppression. Stereotactic radiosurgery may be preferred in previously irradiated patients when considering the radiation tolerance of the spinal cord. Furthermore, residual tumors after surgery can be safely treated by stereotactic radiosurgery, which decreases the likelihood of repeat surgery and accompanying surgical morbidities. Encompassing one vertebral body above and below the involved vertebrae is unnecessary. Complications associated with stereotactic radiosurgery are generally self-limited and mild. Conclusion : In the management of spinal metastasis, stereotactic radiosurgery appears to provide high rates of tumor control, regardless of histologic diagnosis, and can be used in previously irradiated patients. However, the quality of literature available on the subject is not sufficient.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.279-284
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• 2000

A 3.5kg, 3-year-old castrated male Japanese domestic cat withpelvic limb ataxia and dysuria was referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of the Tokyo University. On the neurologic examination findings, both pelivic had a LMN paresis. The cat was FeLV positive and FIV negative. Radiographic findings did not identify the spinal lesions. In magnetic resonance images(MRI) of the lumbar spinal cord, the cat had the lesions in the lumbar(L) 1 and L3, characterized by hyperintensity on a transverse T2-weighted and T1-weighted images, and contrast enhancement was evident. The mass removed by dorsal laminectomy. Histopathological examination of the mass revealed spinal lymphoma. Three weeks after the surgery, the cat administered chemotherapy protocol for lymphoma by current protocol. Two weeks after chemotherapy, the cat had a metastasis to bone marrow and died.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.254-264
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• 2018

This article reviewed new trends and controversial issues, including the intensification of chemotherapy and recent brachytherapy (BT) advances, and also reviewed recent consensuses from different societies on the management of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). Intensive chemotherapy during and after radiation therapy (RT) was not recommended as a standard treatment due to severe toxicities reported by several studies. The use of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for pelvic RT planning has increased the clinical utilization of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for the evaluation of pelvic lymph node metastasis and pelvic bone marrow. Recent RT techniques for LACC patients mainly aim to minimize toxicities by sparing the normal bladder and rectum tissues and shortening the overall treatment time by administering a simultaneous integrated boost for metastatic pelvic lymph node in pelvic IMRT followed by MRI-based image guided adaptive BT.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2013

During cancer progression, bone marrow derived myeloid cells, including immature myeloid cells and macrophages, progressively accumulate at the primary tumour site where they contribute to the establishment of a tumour promoting microenvironment. A marked infiltration of macrophages into the stromal compartment and the generation of a desmoplastic stromal reaction is a particular characteristic of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and is thought to play a key role in disease progression and its response to therapy. Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) foster PDA tumour progression by promoting angiogenesis, metastasis, and by suppressing an anti-tumourigenic immune response. Recent work also suggests that TAMs contribute to resistance to chemotherapy and to the emergence of cancer stem-like cells. Here we will review the current understanding of the biology and the pro-tumourigenic functions of TAMs in cancer and specifically in PDA, and highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target TAMs and to improve current therapies for pancreatic cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.797-806
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• 1999

연구배경: 소세포 폐암은 진단 당시 약 20% 이상에서 진단 당시 골수전이가 발견됨으로써 초기의 혈행성 전이가 중요한 예후인자일 것으로 추정되고 있다. 따라서 진단 또는 치료당시 기존의 검사수기로는 확인할 수 없었던 미세전이를 확인할 수 있다면 환자의 치료방침 및 예후결정에 유효한 지표가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대되어 왔다. 최근 cytokeratin(CK)-20 이 골수와 같은 조혈기관에서는 발현되지 않으면서 상피세포에서만 발현되는 것으로 알려져서 이 표지자가 소세포 폐암과 같은 상피세포암의 골수 미세전이의 발견에 효과적일 가능성을 사사하고 있다. 방 법: 소세포암세포주인 H209와 정상인의 혈구세포를 대상으로 CK-20 발현을 비교하였고, 소세포 폐암환자의 병기결정을 위한 경사로서 골수천자를 시행하면서 동시에 골수를 수집하여 이로부터 RNA를 수출하여 CK-20에 대한 primer를 이용하여 RT-PCR을 시행하였다. 결 과: H209 세포주에서는 CK-20의 발현이 관찰된 반면, 정상 혈구세포에서는 관찰되지 않아서 CK-20이 조혈세포에서는 발현되지 않고, 상피조직에 서만 특이적으로 발현되는 것으로 생각되었다. 28명의 소세포 폐암환자중 제한기가 11명, 확장기 환자가 17명이었으며, 17명의 확장기 환자가운데 골수조직검사상 골수 침범이 확인되었거나 또는 골주사검사상 전이가 확인된 환자는 7명(41%)이었다. CK-20에 대한 PCR 결과 각각 LD 11예종 l예(10%), ED 17예 중 1예(6%)에서 CK-20의 증폭이 관찰되었다. CK-20의 증폭이 관찰된 2예 중 ED 환자는 골수전이가 있었고, LD 환자는 진단당시는 원격전이가 없는 제한기의 환자였으나 후에 골전이가 관찰되었다. 결 론: 증폭이 관찰된 2 예의 환자가 모두 임상적으로는 골수 전이가 없는 상태에서 골전이가 발견됨으로써 CK-20의 발현이 혈행성 미세전이의 발견에 유용할 수 있을 가능성이 있을 것으로 추정할 수는 있으나, 골수전이가 확인되었던 7명중 6명에서는 CK-20이 발현되지 않아서, CK-20 보다 좀 더 유용한 표지자의 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.68-70
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• 2011

Neuroblastoma is a common tumor of children. We report a patient with extensive calvarial metastases of a neuroblastoma as an initial presentation. A 2-year-old girl presented with a history of gradually increasing head size and fever. A brain CT showed a multilobulated, large, extra-axial tumor involving both frontotemporoparietal areas with a sunray-spiculated hyperostosis of the skull and marked contrast enhancement. A brain MRI demonstrated extensive calvarial lesions with simultaneous involvement of the orbits. A biopsy was performed and a ganglioneuroblastoma was diagnosed. On systemic evaluation, an enlarged abdominal mass was detected. After neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, most of the tumors disappeared except for a tumor in the left parietal area; there was a corresponding decrease in the circumference of the head. We performed surgery for the remnant mass. Intensive chemotherapy was administered and a bone marrow transplantation was performed. Adequate neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery to the neuroblatoma with extensive metastases to the skull and orbit may be helpful.