• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.279-285
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• 1998

Effects of acupuncture at Sanyinjiao(SP6) and Yanglingquan(GB34) on bone mineral sensity(BMD) was investigated in ovariectomized(OVX) rats. BMD of OVX rats was measured left femur and tibia 2 and 4 weeks after acupuncture stimulation, respectively. Compared with sham-operated rats, a significant decrease in spine, pelvic and left femoral and tibial BMD was observed 2 and 4 weeks after OVX, respectively. In contrast, a significant increase of spinal, pelvic and left femoral and tibial BMD was elicited 2 and/or 4 weeks after acupuncture stimulation, respectively. These results show the possibility that acupuncture can play a role of ameliorating osteoporosis by elevating serum levels of female hormones related with bone metabolism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.943-949
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• 1996

Bone mineral density depends largely on the status of dietary minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, and F and proteins, physical activities, parathyroid hormone(PTH), calcitonin(CT), and vitamin D. The decrease of bone density often results in bone fractures and osteoporosis which is prevalent among postmenopausal women. This study was intended to examine the role of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and cholecaliferol in bone density of mice that were fed different dual photon energy beams. We have measured three major parts of the bone : whole body, head and femur. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Bone mineral density (BMD) was more increased by feeding high Ca diet compared to that of the low Ca diet. 2) Both PTH and Vit D3 enhanced BMD in all of the different Ca levels. 3) When the dietary Ca was deequate CT showed a synergistic effect with PTH in boosting bone density, while CT+Vit D3 showed a negative effect. 4) CT tended to inhibit the effect of increasing bone density by PTH and Vit D3 in medium and low Ca groups. 5) The effect of increasing bone density by PTH in the head of mouse increased when dietary Ca was lower : The increment of bone density by PTH in high, medium, and low Ca was 3%, 8%, 19%, respectively. 6) Femur bone density was affected significantly by dietary Ca levels than hormones. The above observations indicate that bone mineral density can be improved by high dietary Ca and hormone injections including PTH, CT and cholecalciferol, and thus proper dietary and hormonal treatment may be used in preventing bone fractures and osteoporosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1446-1456
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• 1998

Bones are important parts in sustaining the shape of the body, but they are also metabolic organs which undergo bone remodeling by constant bone resorption and formation. Osteoporosis, the typical metabolic bone disease, is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). Women more than men are at risk fir osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the lumbar spine, wrist, and hip region. Risk of fracture depends on one's BMD, which open determined by the peak bone mass value achieved at skeletal maturity and followed by subsequent age-and menopause-related bone loss. Genetic and environmental factors are known to play a key role in bone metabolism and diet is considered as one of the important environmental factors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the status of BMD and bone mineral content(BMC) to clarify the relationships between dietary intakes and the risk of osteoporosis in adult women in Taegu. Subjects were 130 healthy females in between 20 and 69 years of age. BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine(venebrae L2-4) of the subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The average age of the subjects was 47.4${\pm}$11.7 years old, the average weight was 57.2${\pm}$8.4kg, the average age of menarche was 16.6${\pm}$1.9 years old and the average age of menopause was 48.4${\pm}$5.3 years old. The nutrient intakes of the subjects measured by the convenient method were generally lower than the level of RDA. The result of nutrient intake assessed has shown that the average energy intake was 1701${\pm}$316kca1 which is 85.1% of the RDA and the average calcium intake was 485.4${\pm}$172.3mg which is 69.3% of the RDA. The intakes of protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin were greater than the RDA, whereas the remaining nutrient intakes were lower than the RDA. The average BMD of the subjects was shown to be 1.06${\pm}$1.09g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The highest BMD of 1.24${\pm}$0.14g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was noticed in the subjects of 30s compared to 20s, 40s, 50s, 60s. The BMD values were compared by the relative body weight(R3W) of the menopause subjects, and it was found that the underweight group had significant lower BMB while the rest of the groups did not have any differences in BMD. The most strongly correlated nutrient with BMD among the menopause subjects appeared to be calcium. The women whose Ca intakes were higher than 500mg showed the significantly higher BMD than those with Ca intakes lower than 500mg. This study suggests that the most effective way to prevent osteoporosis and to reduce the incidences of fractures seems to be minimizing bone loss through the adequate intake of calcium as well as avoiding underweight, especially in menopausal women. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) . 1446-1456, 1998)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and osteoporosis self-efficacy and to identify predictors of BMD in female nursing students. Method: Participants were 154 nursing students. Osteoporosis self-efficacy was determined by a self-report questionnaire. BMD was measured by ultrasound bone densitometry and body composition by a body composition analyzer. Data were collected between April 1 and 27, 2013 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with SPSS 18.0. Results: Mean BMD at the calcaneus site was $0.58{\pm}1.31$ (T-score). Incidence of osteopenia was 11.7%. Percentage of body fat (PBF)-defined obesity had higher prevalence than body mass index (BMI)-defined obesity. BMD had significant positive correlations with skeletal muscle mass (r=.226, p=.005) and fat free mass (r=.225, p=.005). The factor predicting BMD was skeletal muscle mass with 4.7% of explained variance. Conclusion: Study results indicate that of body composition components, skeletal muscle mass is the prime predicting factor for BMD. Thus to promote healthy bones, it is important to strengthen the muscles using a program, based on balanced development of all muscles.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2006

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone metabolism in growing female rats. The effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were inspected in this study. Forty-five rats divided into three groups: Casein, $^1/{_2}IF$, IF. The serum and urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined. BMD and BMC were estimated by using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin.) in spine and femur on 3, 6, 9 weeks after feeding. This study of results were as follows: The isoflavones supplementation level did not affect weight gain, mean food intake and food efficiency ratio. The serum concentration of calcium, phosphorus were not significantly different by different level of isoflavones supplementation. The urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion were not significantly different, too. Spine and femur BMD, BMC were not significantly increased by different level of isoflavones supplementation on 3 and 6 weeks after feeding. Spine BMD and spine BMC per weight, femur BMC per weight were significantly increased in the groups $^1/{_2}IF$ and IF at the ninth week after feeding, but there was no significant difference by different level of isoflavones supplementation. Spine BMD per weight and femur BMD per weight were significantly higher in the group of IF than in the group of Casein and $^1/{_2}IF$ at the ninth week after feeding. These results suggest that the group of IF with rich isoflavones supplementation was effective to the increase of BMD spine and femur in growing female rats, respectively.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.710-722
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• 2014

This study investigated factors affecting the bone mineral density (BMD) of Korean adult men. Data on BMD and anthropometric (height, weight, body mass index, BMI, waist circumference, body fat) and biochemical(total cholesterol, vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, ALP) measurements were obtained from the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 2008~2011). Overall, BMD of the subjects was decreased from year to year (T-score of 30~39 yr decreased to 0.447 (2010~2011) from 0.106(2008~2009) and in 50~59 yr decreased to 0.234 from 0.033. Age was negatively associated with BMD (T-score 0.361 of 20~29 yr group and -0.894 of ${\geq}80yr$ group in total femoral). According to increase of weight, BMI and waist circumference continuously increased BMD. High value of total cholesterol (T-score 0.157 of 201~<230 mg/dL group and 0.064 of ${\geq}230mg/dL$ group in total femoral) and alkaline phosphatase (T-score 0.337 of ${\leq}102IU/L$ group and -0.270 of ${\geq}336IU/L$ group in total femoral) were associated with lower BMD. Overall height, weight and BMI were positively associated with BMD, and ALP were negatively associated with BMD. Finding of the present study showed that bone loss may be associated with various factors such as age, weight, BMI, total cholesterol, vitamin D and ALP density and that much attention should be paid to bone health of adult men. Therefore, practical and systematic programs are required to improve the BMD of adult men as well as to maintain bone health.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3229-3234
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• 2016

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a lifetime marker of estrogen in a woman's body and has been associated with increased breast cancer risk. Nonetheless the actual association is still debatable. Furthermore, estrogen is very crucial in maintaining human bone density and gradually decreases over age. A systematic search was conducted to assess any association of BMD with breast cancer risk factors among premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Review identification was performed through databases searching on MEDLINE, CINAHL and SCOPUS and 19 qualified studies were elected. The keywords used were "bone mineral density", "breast cancer", and "breast density". Results: A total of 19 articles showed variation with the majority of the studies focused on postmenopausal and a few focused on premenopausal women. Overall there was no concensus on effects. Conclusions: An enormous effort is being undertaken by researchers to prove that BMD might be one of the significant risk factors for breast cancer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.656-667
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the effect of environmental an d physiological factors on bone mineral density(BMD) of the lumbar spine(L2longrightarrowL4) in 41 postmenopausal women. There were a positive relationships between BMD of the lumbar spine and monthly income food expenses pocket money energy expenditure(EXP) per day sociocultural EXP activity intensity time of standing and walking or age at first pregnancy. BMD of the lumbar spine was negatively correlated with age Engel index time of sleeping and sitting number of childbirty and children period of breastfeeding or menopausal period. But there were no significant relationships between BMD and physiological domestic EXP body mass index age at menar-che menstruation cycle or age at menopause. The complex interrelations between BMD and these variables were examined using stepwise multiple regression analysis. From this analysis in subject aged 50~59 years. EXP per body weight physiological EXP age at menopause time of sleeping were positively significant independent predictors of BMD. In subjects aged 60~69 years, . time of walking only and in total subjects. EXP per body weight pocket money were positively significant independent predictors ofBMD. This study suggest that EXP and pocket money are major constituents affection lumbar spine BMD in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.622-633
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• 1996

The purpose of present study was to assess the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age and the dietary factors influcencing on BMD in Korean women in Taegu. The subjects were 242 healthy female in the range of 7-67 years old, and were divided into 4 age groups. BMD of lumbar of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter)and total body was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. The nutrient intake measured by convenient method was similar to or more than the level of RDA. The significant relationship between nutrient intake and BMD was observed. Particularly for lumbar spine and total body in group 4 (50-60yr), such as energy, carbohyrate, protein, fat, Ca, animal Ca, meat Ca, Fe, thiamin and niacin were found significantly positive correlations. By analysis of multiple regression, significant relationships were shown between protein and lumbar spine and total body BMD in group 4, between ascorbic acid and total body BMD in group 2(17-34 yr). Energy expenditure showed better corrlations with BMD rather than nutrient intake. BMD was significantly greater in subjects consuming a mean dietary Ca intake more than 125% of RDA compared with less than 75% of RDA. In high Ca intake group ($\geq$125% of RDA), there were the significantly negative correlations between animal (meat) Ca and BMD in each bone of 7-9 years. The excessive intake of animal protein in this age group was found. And the correlations between BMD and past milk consumptin were significant in all skeletal sites of group 1(7-16 yr). This study confirms that the most effective way of preventing osteoporosis and the fractures is to maximize peak bone mass in early life and to minimize bone loss through the balanced adequate intake of Ca and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.2 s.60
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• pp.47-56
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• 2006

This study was to investigate relationship between osteoporosis and various factors. We compared the result in 390 women with under -2.5 bone mineral density (BMD, T-scores) with those in 370 women with over -1.0 BMD. According to WHO criteria, women with -2.5 BMD are regarded as patient with osteoporosis, while with above -1.0 BMD are healthy. We obtained the BMD(T-scores) data of 9.704 adult women over 20 year old. The following are the results of this study: The mean age of interviewed women was 45.7 years and their menopausal age was 48.6 years. Means of height and weight were 157.3cm and 56.9Kg respectively. The BMD was the highest in 30-34 year-old women, an average ranges were in the 35-44 year old group. The BMD decreased after 45 year-old. The early sixties women began to experience thiness of the BMD and the mid-sixties showed symptoms of osteoporosis. The formular showing the relationship between age and BMD can be represented as $Y=9.71X^2-2.71X+0.06$ (p<0.001). The bone mineral density decreased significantly with increases of age(p<0.001) and decreases of weight(p<0.001) in multiple regression analysis using age, weight, menopause age, height, number of pregnancies, number of children, and age as independent variables.