• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to suggest a scientific method for measurement of children's growth development. Ultrasonic image of calcaneus bone has some advantages that it is harmless to human body and apply a new imaging analysis algorithm. it can be used for the diagnosis of growth analyzed the opening degree of growth plate and bone density. Methods: This clinical study have been carried out with the 57 case(male 24, female 33) of the children aged 5 to 14 years old who visited in Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk university Bundang Oriental Hospital. Bone maturity is measured by the opening degree of growth plate and bone density in ultrasonic image of calcaneus bone This study were designed to investigate the relationship of the development of children and the calcaneus bone maturity. Result: The opening degree of growth plate was no change in aged 5-10 years for male and 5-9 years for female but decreased significantly from aged 11 years for male and 10 years for female. the bone density was no change in aged 5-12 years for male and 5-11 years for female but increased significantly from aged 13 years for male and 12 years for female. it was confirmed that bone maturity in female is more rapid than in male. The opening degree of growth plate of claclneus bone was correlated with age, height, weight. The bone density was correlated with age, height, weight, BMI in this suudy(P<0.001) Conclusion: The opening degree of growth plate and bone density of calcaneus bone are sufficient diagnostic worth as an index to predict adolescent growth.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.108-119
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• 2020

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to quantitatively analyze the bone parameters (thickness and density) at four different interdental areas from the distal region of the canine to the mesial region of the second molar in the maxilla and the mandible. The secondary aim was to compare and contrast the bone parameters at these specific locations in terms of sex, growth status, and facial type. Methods: This retrospective cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study reviewed 290 CBCT images of patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Cortical bone thickness in millimeters (mm) and density in pixel intensity value were measured for the regions (1) between the canine and first premolar, (2) between the first and second premolars, (3) between the second premolar and first molar, and (4) between the first and second molars. At each location, the bone thickness and density were measured at distances of 2, 6, and 10 mm from the alveolar crest. Results: The sex comparison (male vs. female) in cortical bone thickness showed no significant difference (p > 0.001). The bone density in growing subjects was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than that in non-growing subjects for most locations. There was no significant difference (p > 0.001) in bone parameters in relation to facial pattern in the maxilla and mandible for most sites. Conclusions: There was no significant sex-related difference in cortical bone thickness. The buccal cortical bone density was higher in females than in males. Bone parameters were similar for subjects with hyperdivergent, hypodivergent, and normodivergent facial patterns.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary protein and exercise on bone mineral density and bone mineral content of growing male rats. Forty male, Sprague-Dawley rats(age 21 days) were assigned to four groups that underwent 9 weeks of experimental treatment. Animals were assigned to one of two exercise treatments (treadmill running or sedentary). The exercise and nonexercise group were fed a diet containing casein or soy with rich isoflavones (3.4mg/g protein). The exercise group ran on a rodent treadmill(speed of 15m/min for 30min) three days per week during the 9-week study period. All rats were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content (BMC), total body calcium, spine BMD and BMC, and femur BMD and BMC were determined by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (FIXI-mus, GE Lunar Radiation Cooperation, Madison, WI, USA). The soy diet group appears to have a significantly higher total BMD/weight and total BMC/ weight, spine BMD/weight, spine BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and femur BMC/weight compared to the casein group in nonexercise and exercise. The exercise group had significantly greater total BMD/weight and BMC/ weight, spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and BMC/weight compared to the nonexercise group when the protein source was casein. The exercise combined soy group had significantly greater total BMD/weight and BMC/weight, spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and BMC/weight, compared to the exercise combined casein group. The results indicate that exercise had a positive influence on bone mineral density and bone mineral content and soy significantly affect on bone mineral density and bone mineral content for the 9 weeks experimental period. It can be concluded that exercise combined with a soy diet is most beneficial for acquisition of spine bone mineral density in young growing male rats. This convincing evidence suggests that a change in life style such as increasing exercise and consumption of soy protein is a practical strategy for significantly reducing the incidence of osteoporosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study conducted aA forward-looking study of elite water polo athletes, who trained at National Training Center, was conducted to determine the correlation between the incidence of sports injuries and the bone density among national water polo players. METHODS: Data on the general characteristics of all study subjects were analyszed usingin descriptive statistics. The incidence of sports injuries was calculated from the incidence of sports injuries per 1,000 hours and the incidence of sports injuries resulting from exposure to 1,000 training sessions. The incidence of all sports injuries was calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation was calculated conducted to determine the correlation between sports injuries and bone density, bone mass and body composition. RESULTS: Water polo athletes suffered a total of 127 sports injuries in the three-year period, while the athletes suffered 3.5 sports injuries each year. The Ooverall injury rate of 3.2(95% CI 2.68-3.81) per 1,000h, 18.0(15% CI 14.89-21.16) of sports injuries per 1,000AE. For all athletes, 50.4% of the injuries were classified as mild, followed by moderate (26.8%) and severe (22.8%). The lower the bone density in all areas of sports injuries, the higher the incidence of sports injuries. In addition, and the lower the bone mass in all areas except for light injuries, the higher the incidence of sports injuries. CONCLUSION: In tThe correlation between sports injuries and bone density and bone composition of water polo athletes, revealed a significant correlation between the bone density and bone mass were statistically significant, and the lower the bone density and bone mass, the higher the incidence of sports injuries.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.250-256
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• 2012

Disease, such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, etc caused by reduced bone density are common to women after menopause and as the social medical cost increases due to osteoporosis fractures the medical interest in bone density reduction has increased. The bone density reduction is observed even for renal failure patients, due to their decreased ability to synthesize vitamin D which leads to bone fibrosis because of deficiency in calcium absorption. Thus renal failure patients not only suffer from kidney dysfunction, but also are exposed to complications, such as osteoporosis, due to reduced bone density. This research observed the change in bone density of patients receiving renal failure treatment and analyzed the change in bone density before and after kidney transplantations. Subjects were 214 renal failure patients at the department of nephrology Busan B General Hospital. The change in bone density was studied for subjects with and without kidney transplantation according to their age and sex. The research showed improvement or maintenance of bone density for subjects that received kidney transplantation, but showed a tendency of consistent decrease in bone density for subjects without kidney transplantation. Kidney transplantation can be considered as the best cure for renal failure patients, and this researched confirmed that bone density can be improved through kidney transplantation. Thus, this study can also be used as data for preventing complications due to renal failures.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 2000

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density of iliac and tibial bone which are frequently selected as autogenic bone graft donor sites, and to evaluate the efficiency of this method as a guideline for the selection of bone graft donor site. Materials and Methods : In this study 61 male and 70 female volunteers at Chungbuk National University Hospital were involved between Jan. 1998 to Sept. 1999. We measured bone mineral density of the iliac and the tibial bone using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. We evaluated the data using the SAS system for Windows and bone mineral density of the lumbar was used for control. Results : Age showed the highest correlation in correlation matrix between physical and bone variables. Height and weight showed lower correlation of linear increment. In man, the change of bone density according to age demonstrated linear decrease irrespective of the lumbar, ilium, and tibia. In woman, the change of bone density according to age showed cubic form, which increased in the third and forth decade. So it had a peak bone mass on about 35 year-old, thereafter, the change of bone density slowly decreased until 50 year-old, but it rapidly decreased after 50 year-old and it slowly decreased again after 65 year-old. Both in all subjects and subject with osteoporosis, the change of bone mineral density according to age showed statistically significant decrease in lumbar and tibia, but ilium was irrespective. Conclusion : In patients of aged or with osteoporosis, ilium demonstrated less tendency of decrease in bone mineral density than tibia. So this preliminary study suggested that ilium seemed better donor site for autogenic bone graft than tibia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

The effects of vitamin $D_{3}$ supplementation on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in ovariectmized rats were investigated. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 180 g) were divided into two group, ovariectomy and Sham groups, which were each randomly divided into two subgroups that were fed casein and casein supplemented with vitamin $D_{3}$ diets. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using PIXlmus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA) in spine and femur on 6 weeks after feeding. Osteocalcin and urinary DPD crosslinks value were measured as markers of bone formation and resorption. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER) were higher in OVX groups than in Sham groups regardless of diets. Serum Ca concentration and urinary Ca excretion were higher in vitamin $D_{3}$ supplemented group than in casein group in Sham and OVX. Crosslinks values were higher in OVX groups than in Sham groups. Spine BMD and femur BMD of ovariectomy group were significantly lower than Sham groups, however vitamin $D_{3}$ supplemented groups were significantly higher than control groups in Sham and OVX. In conclusion, dietary vitamin $D_{3}$ supplementation on ovariectimized rats were significantly increased bone mineral density and bone mineral content in spine and femur.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.333-347
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• 1988

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between nutrient status, and bone mineral state which influenced by aging process. The subjects were 196 people over 65 years old(male 72, female124). The present dietary intake was estimated by the 24-hr, recall method, and individual dietary history concerning consumption of meat, fish and dairy products was obtained by questionaires. The syndrome of senility including seniliy was evaluated according to "Cornell Medical Index". The five subjects who showed 'Good' grade in bone senility, and five subjects who showed 'Risk' and 'Danger' grade were selected and their spine and femur bone density was measured by "Dual Photon Absorptiometry". The bone density measurement showed that the subjects with 'Good' grade in bone senility had bone density above that of normal person, and their nutrient status were satisfactory, whereas the subjects with 'Risk' and 'Danger' grade in bone senility had severe osteoporotic pattern, and their nutrient status were very poor. The food consumption score showed that the subject with higher intake of meat rather than milk had good grade in bone senility (p<0.05). Therefore, past meats consumption can be considered to be a significant factor in the present bone status. The nutrient intakes appeared to be significant factors in bone status in male, whereas there was little effect of nutrients intakes in female. Therefore, the risk of osteoporosis can increase as syndrome of bone senility and nutrient intakes were worse, and its is possible to evaluate bone status and predict osteoporosis simply from informations concerning syndrome of bone senility and nutrient intakes in old population over 65.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 2023

Purpose: The precision error of a bone density meter reflects the equipment and reproducibility of results by an examiner. Precision error values can be expressed as coefficient of variation (CV), CV%, and root mean square-SD (RMS-SD). The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) currently recommends using RMS-SD as the precision error value. When a 95% confidence interval is applied, the least significant change (LSC) value is calculated by multiplying the precision error value by 2.77. Exceeding the LSC value reflects a significant difference in measured bone density. Therefore, the LSC value of a bone density equipment is an essential factor for accurately determining a patient's bone density. Accordingly, we aimed to calculate the LSC value of a bone density meter (Lunar iDXA, GE) and compare it with the value recommended by the ISCD. We also assessed whether the value measured by the iDXA equipment was below the LSC value recommended by ISCD. Material and Methods: The bone densities of the lumbar spine and thighs of 30 participants were measured twice, and the LSC values were calculated using the precision calculation tool provided by the ISCD (http://www.iscd.org). To check the reproducibility of the measurement, patients were asked to completely dismount from the equipment after the first measurement; the patient was then repositioned before proceeding with the second measurement. Results: The LSC values derived using the CV% values recommended by the ISCD were 5.3% for the lumbar spine and 5.0% for the thigh. The LSC values measured using our bone density equipment were 2.47% for the lumbar spine and 1.61% for the thigh. The LSC value using RMS-SD was 0.031 g/cm² for the lumbar spine and 0.017 g/cm² for the thigh. Conclusion: that the findings confirm that the CV% value measured using our bone density meter and the LSC value using RMS-SD were maintained very stably. This can be helpful for obtaining accurate measurements during bone density follow-up examinations.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.244-253
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• 2012

Bone mineral density (BMD) is used in the clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporosis, characterized mainly by decreased BMD, is a highly heritable complex disorder and a major public health concern to hundreds of millions of elderly persons worldwide. However, the specific genetic variants determining risk for low bone density are still largely unknown. Here, we performed association analysis to elucidate the possible relations of genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 gene with low bone density. By examining genotype data of a total of 1813 women in the Korean Association REsource (KARE) study, we discovered the ESR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with decreased BMD and osteoporosis. The results on the BD-RT (bone density estimated by T-score at distal radius), three SNPs (rs2248586, rs9371557, and rs1569788) within the ESR1 gene were significantly associated with bone density. The results on the BD-TT (bone density estimated by T-score at midshaft tibia), five SNPs (rs9371552, rs2248586, rs712221, rs7772475, and rs3798577) were significantly associated with bone density. The SNP rs2248586 within the ESR1 gene had commonly significance in both BD-RT (${\beta}$=-0.151, dominant P=0.049) and BD-TT (${\beta}$=-0.156, dominant P=0.039). In the SNP rs2248586, their ${\beta}$-values in BD-RT and/or BD-TT showed consistent trends with the odds ratios (ORs) of osteoporosis. In summary, we found statistically significant SNPs in ESR1 gene that are associated with both decreased BMD and osteoporosis traits. Therefore, our findings suggest ESR1 gene could be related to pathogenesis of osteoporosis.