• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.695-698
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• 1992

Three Japanese Corriedale wethers were used in a $3{\times}3$ latin square design to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on the eating and rumination behavior in sheep fed rice straw as a basal diet. Soybean meal was supplemented at three levels of 0 (control), 75 g and 150 g/day. Soybean meal supplementation had no significant effect on the daily time spent eating and rumination, whereas the rate of eating of rice straw was significantly faster (p<0.05) in sheep fed SBM-supplemented diets than in sheep fed control diet. However, when expressed per 100 g of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake, daily rumination time of sheep fed 75 and 150 g of SBM-supplemented diets was greatly reduced (p<0.01). The length of each rumination period, daily number of rumination periods and number of boli regurgitated were about constant for all SBM levels. Cyclic rate (rumination time per daily number of boli regurgitated) and rumination index (rumination time per 100 g of dry matter eaten) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation. The number of chews per bolus was not affected, whereas the bolus time reduced (p<0.05) and the rate of chewing during rumination was increased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.194-203
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• 1982

In this investigation we undertook to evaluate the utility of radionuclide cardiac angiography in the detection of cardiac shunts before and after surgical correction. Time-activity curves of ventricles and lungs were evaluated after bolus intravenous injection of 99mTc-human serum albumin in 512 preoperative patients and 551 post-operative patients. Omitting 31 cases of technical failure due to poor bolus, we detected shunts in 459 cases of 481 preoperative evaluations, so the detectability was 95.4%. The cases which couldn`t be detected by this method had small amount of shunt. Also the degree of shunt detected by radioisotope methods were well correlated with oxymetry method. [r=0.89, p<0.01 ] In postoperative evaluations, 18 out of 411 patients with left to right shunt and 10 out of 140 right to left shunt were found to have remnant shunts with radionuclide cardiac angiography. Of the 28 cases with failed operation, 2 were confirmed in reoperation, 2 by cardiac catheterization, 2 by two -dimensional echocardiography. All except one .f these patients had membranous ventricular septal defects and those with left to right shunts had moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension and shunt amount. Also those had larger septal defects than control group. We consider that radionuclide cardiac angiography is a simple and noninvasive method which can show the preoperative diagnosis and postoperative follow up of cardiac shunts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2000

The administration of soluble glass bolus (SGB) with cobalt (Co), selenium (Se) and copper (Cu), among 50 upgraded does in the farm of Central Luzon State University, Philippines, was effective in improving the mineral status of the animals. After one year, blood Se and plasma Cu had been significantly increased; subsequently plasma molybdenum (Mo) level had been reduced, but other macro-minerals were not affected. Soluble glass bolus supplementation did not affect plasma calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na), although the treated does had higher plasma phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) in some parts of the year. Hematocrit count of the animals was also improved reaching 32% level after 9 months; although it was still 6% below the lower limit of a normal range of 38 to 45%. The desired improvement in Se, Cu and Mo was not able to influence live weight among the animals. After one year, body weight was not significantly different from the control group of animals. Nevertheless, the study showed the effectiveness of SGB in improving Cu and Se levels, and subsequently reducing the plasma Mo levels of grazing goats in a typical Philippine farm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.477-480
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• 1995

The effects of formic acid and formaldehyde treatment and methionine supplementation to ladino clover fibrous residue silage on eating and rumination behaviour were studied in sheep. From the ladino clover fibrous residue, two silage were prepared, either untreated or treated with formic acid and formaldehyde. Four experimental diets: untreated silage, treated silage, untreated silage with supplementation of methionine and treated silage with supplementation of methionine, were offered to four sheep at a restricted level of DM intake (2% of BW/d) twice daily in a two-way layout design. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage significantly (p < 0.05) reduced daily time spent eating, and consequently, markedly increased rate of eating. However, there was little effect of methionine supplementation on the daily time spent eating and eating rate for sheep offered untreated silage. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage reduced daily time spent ruminating, although the same effect was not observed for untreated silage. The rumination index (time spent ruminating/100 g DM eaten) was remarkably smaller (p < 0.05) with methionine supplement in feeding treated silage, although it did not differ for sheep offered untreated silage. There were no clear effect of methionine supplementation on the rumination efficiency (i.e. number of chews/bolus, bolus time and rumination chewing rate) both feeding untreated silage and treated silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1433-1437
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• 2007

Two field trials were carried out to evaluate the performance of a soluble glass copper, cobalt and selenium bolus for maintaining adequate levels of the three trace elements in yaks. Forty yaks were used in trial 1 and 60 yaks were used in trial 2. In each trial two commercial soluble glass boluses were administered to half of the yaks. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein at day 0, 30, 60, 90 in trial 1 and at day 0, 45, 75 and 105 in trial 2. The samples were analysed for copper status (serum caeruloplasmin activity and copper concentration), cobalt status (serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration and cobalt concentration), selenium status (erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium concentration) and serum zinc concentration. The erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities, serum caeruloplasmin activities and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentrations for trial 1 and 2 were all significantly increased for the bolused yaks (p<0.001 or p<0.01) on all sampling days. The bolused yaks had a significantly higher selenium and copper status in serum than the control yaks on all sampling days in trial 1 and 2 (p<0.05 or p<0.01). There were no significant differences in zinc and cobalt concentrations between the bolused yaks and the controls.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

A bioartificial liver (BAL) is a medical device entrapping living hepatocytes or immortalized cells derived from hepatocytes. Many efforts have already been made to maintain the functions of the hepatocytes in a BAL device over a long term. However, there is still some uncertainty as to their efficacy. and their limitations are unclear. Therefore, it is important to quantitatively evaluate the metabolic functions of a BAL. In previous studies on in vitro BAL devices, two test methods, an initial bolus loading and constant-rate infusion plus initial bolus loading, were theoretically carried out to obtain physiologic data on drugs. However, in the current study, the same two methods were used as a perfusion model and derived the same clearance characterized by an interrelationship between the perfusate flow rate and intrinsic clearance. The interrelationship indicated that the CL increased with an increasing perfusate flow rate and approached its maximum value, i.e. intrinsic clearance. In addition, to set up an in vivo BAL system, the toxic plateau levels in the BAL system were calculated for both series and parallel circuit models. The series model had a lower plateau level than the parellel model. The difference in the toxic plateau levels between the parallel and series models increased with an increasing number of BAL cartridges.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1990

A study was conducted to investigate the release pattern of zinc form the zinc containing boluses and to see whether the released zinc can cure a zinc deficiency in sheep. Three sheep were used in this experiment and were fed a low zinc semi-synthetic diet throughout the experimental period. Each sheep was given a single pre-weighed zinc containing bolus when blood variables showed continuous zinc deficiency. The zinc containing boluses when placed within the reticulo-rumen of zinc deficient sheep, release zinc at the rate of 106.6 mg zinc/day for 39 days. At the end of depletion period there was a reduced feed consumption, plasma zinc concentration, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and increased plasma zinc binding capacity which were 409 g, 0.18 mg/l, 87 U/l and 88.7% respectively and 521 g, 0.18 mg/l, 142 U/l, and 89.5% respectively before first and second blousing. After the administration of the first and second boluses, the feed consumption, plasma zinc levels and plasma alkaline phosphatase activities rose rapidly and far exceeded the starting values. The zinc binding capacity was reduced to 21.9% due to the administration of the first and second boluses. It is concluded that zinc boluses can be used for curing a zinc deficiency in sheep.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.489-496
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density on the eating and ruminating behavior of growing Hanwoo steer (Bos taurus coreanae). A total of thirty growing Hanwoo steers were divided into four stocking density groups (G1: 1 head/32 $m^2$, G2: 2 heads/32 $m^2$, G3: 3 heads /32 $m^2$, G4: 4 heads/32 $m^2$) with 3 replicates (12 pens). The results of eating behaviors for 48 hours are summarized as follows: Total intake was higher in 2G, 3G and 4G than in 1G, but not significantly different among thetreatments. Intake of roughage was the highest in 2G (3.32 kg), while 1G (2.85 kg) was the lowest (P<0.05). Eating time of concentrate was highly in the order of 1G > 2G > 3G > 4G (P<0.05). But eating time (concentrate + roughage) and ruminating time were not significantly difference among the treatments. Resting time (standing + lying) was the highest in 4G (P<0.01), and lying time was the highest in 2G. Chewing time (Eating + ruminating) was higher in 3G than in 1G, 2G, and 4G (P<0.05). Number of bolus, number of total chews, ruminating time per bolus and number of bolus per minute were not significantly difference among the treatments. But number of chews per bolus was significantly lower in 1G than those of the other treatments (p<(0.05). Number of urinating was in the order of 1G > 4G > 2G > 3G (P<0.05). However, stocking density had no effect on drinking and defecating. Eating rate and chewing efficiency were the highest in 4G (P<0.01, 0.05), but ruminating efficiency was not significantly difference among the treatments.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to analyze the factors influencing integrated bolus peak timing in contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and to determine a method of calculating personal peak time. The optimal time was calculated by performing multiple linear regression analysis, after finding the influence factors through correlation analysis between integrated peak time of contrast medium and personal measured value by monitoring CTA scans. The radiation exposure dose in CTA was $716.53mGy{\cdot}cm$ and the radiation exposure dose in monitoring scan was 15.52 mGy (2 - 34 mGy). The results were statistically significant (p < .01). Regression analysis revealed, a -0.160 times decrease with a one-step increase in heart rate in male, and -0.004, -0.174, and 0.006 times decrease with one-step in DBP, heart rate, and blood sugar, respectively, in female. In a consistency test of peak time by calculating measured peak time and peak time by using the regression equation, the consistency was determined to be very high for male and female. This study could prevent unnecessary dose exposure by encouraging in clinic calculation of personal integrated peak time of contrast medium prior to examination.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.203-207
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• 1997

Background: To date, there are no controlled studies assessing the effect of metoclopramide administered epidurally to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia. This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of continuous epidural infusion of metoclopramide, combined with epidural morphine, in reducing nausea or vomiting associated with epidural morphine and minimizing the side effects of metoclopramide. Methods: Sixty patients undergoing elective gynecologic surgery were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. Patients received continuous epidural morphine infusion (6.0 mg/day) following a bolus loading dose of 3.0 mg (Group A), or epidural mixture of morphine (6.0 mg/day) plus metoclopramide (20 mg/day) following a bolus loading dose (morphine 3.0 mg, metoclopramide 10 mg)(Group B). For the first 24 postoperative hours, incidence of nausea or vomiting, need for antiemetic therapy, level of sedation, degree of pain and pruritus, and adverse effects associated with metoclopramide were evaluated. Result: Incidence of nausea or vomiting and number of patients who required antiemetic therapy were significantly less in Group B, than in Group A (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between groups with regard to adverse effects associated with metoclopramide such as sedation, extrapyramidal reaction and other side effects (P=NS). Conclusion: We conclude simultaneous titration of morphine and metoclopramide via epidural continuous infusion following epidural bolus injection of the mixture reduces nausea or vomiting associated with epidural morphine while preventing side effects of metoclopramide.