• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.692-701
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• 2008

This study was conducted with 150 adults of 20 years or older, all of whom lived in Seoul. The awareness of traditional Hangwa (Korean cookies) was shown to be relatively low, with 2.9 points on average, and the intake of traditional Hangwa for a month was 2.1 times. For the reason that traditional Hangwa couldn't become popular, and the opinion that the reason was because the price is expensive was the highest, at 3.8. The next highest reasons given were because it is difficult to buy, and because it is inconvenient to eat, at 3.0. The traditional Hangwa was shown to enjoy positive awareness as opposed to negative awareness, while the manufacturing sanitation was also recognized to be relatively clean, with 2.6 points assigned to the opinion that it doesn't taste good, and 2.7 points assigned to the opinion that the manufacturing sanitation is unclean. With regard to the excellence of traditional Hangwa, the response that 'our tradition can be handed down' was the most often encountered, with a score of 3.9. The traditional Hangwa was appraised as excellent, with 3.6 points assigned to the opinion 'it suits our body because it is made with our agricultural products' and 3.4% for each opinion 'safe ingredients are used' and 'all ingredients are good for health'. With regard to the level of agreement for the development of functional traditional Hangwa, the positive group was higher than 25.3% of the negative group, with 27.3% for 'agree very much' and 22.0% for 'agree'. When converted into a 5-point scale for the development of functional traditional Hangwa, the group that was positive toward its development was high, with 3.4 points on average. All categories of excellence awareness were correlated with the level of agreement for the development of a functional food product (p<0.001). Consumer awareness toward the addition of traditional Hangwa functionality was generally positive, with 3.3 points or higher on average, and awareness of the aging suppression and diabetes control effects of Hangwa was also high, with 3.5 points. Next were Hangwa for diet, Hangwa for blood pressure control, Hangwa for mineral supple-mentation and vitamin additive-type Hangwa, with 3.4 for each, and Hangwa for health preservation, with 3.3 in order. With regard to the degree of interest toward functional traditional Hangwa for the treatment of diseases, obese patients cited aging suppression, at 3.2, and vitamin additive Hangwa, at 3.0, while Hangwa for dieting was assigned 2.8 points. Patients with high blood pressure, blood circulation, and diabetes were all shown as having a high degree of interest in all items, while evidencing particular interest toward Hangwa for diabetes control and Hangwa for blood pressure control. With regard to intention to purchase while developing functional traditional Hangwa, the group asserting intention to purchase was higher than 60% for all items except for Hangwa for diabetes control (58.7%). The Hangwa for aging suppression was highest, at 68.6%, and shown as having intention to purchase during development in the order of vitamin additive Hangwa at 68.0%, Hangwa for mineral supplementation at 64.6%, each of Hangwa for health preservation and Hangwa for blood pressure control at 62.7%, Hangwa for diet at 62.6% and Hangwa for diabetes control at 58.7%. The considerations during the development of functional traditional Hangwa were in the following order: storage at 4.1 points, taste and level of function at 3.9 points, size at 3.5 points, and packing at 3.4 points.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1978.09a
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• pp.149-157
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• 1978

Ginseng is the English common name for the species in the genus Panax. This article gives a broad botanical review including the morphological characteristics, ecological amplitude, and the ethnobotanical aspect of the genus Panax. The species of Panax are adapted for life in rich loose soil of partially shaded forest floor with the deciduous trees such as linden, oak, maple, ash, alder, birch, beech, hickory, etc. forming the canopy. Like their associated trees, all ginsengs are deciduous. They require annual climatic changes, plenty of water in summer, and a period of dormancy in winter. The plant body of ginseng consists of an underground rhizome and an aerial shoot. The rhizome has a terminal bud, prominent leafscars and a fleshy root in some species. It is perennial. The aerial shoot is herbaceous and annual. It consists of a single slender stem with a whorl of digitately compound leaves and a terminal umbel bearing fleshy red fruits after flowering. The yearly cycle of death and renascence of the aerial shoot is a natural phenomenon in ginseng. The species of Panax occur in eastern North America and eastern Asia, including the eastern portion of the Himalayan region. Such a bicentric generic distributional pattern indicates a close floristic relationship of the eastern sides of two great continental masses in the northern hemisphere. It is well documented that genera with this type of disjunct distribution are of great antiquity. Many of them have fossil remains in Tertiary deposits. In this respect, the species of Panax may be regarded as living fossils. The distribution of the species, and the center of morphological diversification are explained with maps and other illustrations. Chemical constituents confirm the conclusion derived from morphological characters that eastern Asia is the center of species concentration of Panax. In eastern North America two species occur between longitude $70^{\circ}-97^{\circ}$ Wand latitude $34^{\circ}-47^{\circ}$ N. In eastern Asia the range of the genus extends from longitude $85^{\circ}$ E in Nepal to $140^{\circ}$ E in Japan, and from latitude $22^{\circ}$ N in the hills of Tonkin of North Vietnam to $48^{\circ}$ N in eastern Siberia. The species in eastern North America all have fleshy roots, and many of the species in eastern Asia have creeping stolons with enlarged nodes or stout horizontal rhizomes as storage organs in place of fleshy roots. People living in close harmony with nature in the homeland of various species of Panax have used the stout rhizomes or the fleshy roots of different wild forms of ginseng for medicine since time immemorial. Those who live in the center morphological diversity are specific both in the application of names for the identification of species in their communication and in the use of different roots as remedies to relieve pain, to cure diseases, or to correct physiological disorders. Now, natural resources of wild plants with medicinal virtue are extremely limited. In order to meet the market demand, three species have been intensively cultivated in limited areas. These species are American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) in northeastern United States, ginseng (P. ginseng) in northeastern Asia, particularly in Korea, and Sanchi (P. wangianus) in southwestern China, especially in Yunnan. At present hybridization and selection for better quality, higher yield, and more effective chemical contents have not received due attention in ginseng culture. Proper steps in this direction should be taken immediately, so that our generation may create a richer legacy to hand down to the future. Meanwhile, all wild plants of all species in all lands should be declared as endangered taxa, and they should be protected from further uprooting so that a. fuller gene pool may be conserved for the. genus Panax.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1033-1041
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• 2016

In this study, we evaluated antioxidant and antiproliferating effects of Setaria italica extract (SIE), Panicum miliaceum extract (PME) and Sorghum bicolor extract (SBE). Antioxidant effects of these extracts were determined by assessing DPPH radical scavenging activity, $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity, reducing power and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. From high concentrations ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) of each extract at DPPH radical scavenging activities of SIE, PME and SBE were 10.5%, 5.5% and 86.8% respectively, $ABTS^+$ radical activities were 4.92%, 5.9% and 62.3% respectively, reducing powers (OD 700) were 0.15, 0.18 and 1.7 respectively, and SOD-like activities were 17.0%, 15.9% and 38.6% respectively. In addition, SBE significantly decreased the cell viability of androgen-sensitive lymph node metastasis type of prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological study of SBE-treated LNCaP cells revealed distorted and shrunken cell masses. SBE-induced cell death was confirmed by observation of nuclear condensation and increased formation of apoptotic bodies. The antiproliferative effect of SBE seems to be associated with the antioxidant activity of its polyphenol content. The results of this study indicate that SBE can exert antioxidant and antiproliferative effects and may be as a useful food material.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1979

This experiment was carried out to investigate the nutritive value of brewery's activated sludge on the performance and nutrients utilization of egg type chicken of babcock fed the different levels of sludge. The chemical composition, content of amino acids and mineral in brewery's activated sludge were also analyzed. 3,6,9 and 12% of brewery's activated sludge were supplemented with basal ration as a substituted ingredient to soybean oil meal in experimental ration. The results obtained were as follow: 1. Chemical composition analysis 1) Brewery's activated sludge had 42.50% of crude protein on the air dried basis, and had 15,69% of crude ash, and had 2,060 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg of sludge. 2) Total amino acid content of brewery's activated sludge was 42.50% and 99% crude protein of brewery's activated sludge was a true amino acid, and brewery's activated sludge contained especially more methionine and threonine that those of soybean oil meal. 3) In case of mineral content of brewery's activated sludge, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and iron were plentifully included. However, calcium content in brewery's activated sludge was very low. 2. Feeding trial 1) Body gain of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge was decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. 2) Diet intake of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.05) increased as the supplementation level of sludge in ration increased. 3) Feed conversion of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was high in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. However, there were no significant differences between treatments. 3. Digestion trial 1) Utilization of dry matter of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was decreased as the level of sludge in ration increased. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. 2) Utilization of crude protein of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.01) increased as the level of sludge was higher. Utilization of crude protein of control treatment and of sludge 3% treatment was higher than that of other treatments. 3) Utilization of crude ash of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. 4) Utilization of NFE of chicken fed the different levels of sludge was slightly decreased in proportion to increasing level of sludge in ration. However, no statistical differences were found out between treatments. Therefore according to this experiment, it may be concluded that brewery's activated sludge can be supplemented with chicken ration by $6{\sim}9%$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 2015

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide expressed in all body tissues, and its related receptors are increased in liver fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the effect of AM deficiency on liver fibrogenesis induced by $CCl_4$ using AM heterozygous (HT) mice. The animals received a single injection of $CCl_4$ or olive oil for the acute experiment, and received $CCl_4$ or olive oil three times a week for 6 weeks for the chronic experiment. Fibrosis was accessed using histopathological analysis and the western blot. The AM HT mice showed mild pericentrilobular degeneration when compared to the AM wild type (WT) mice. In the acute experiment, there was no significant difference between the AM WT and AM HT mice. However, in the chronic experiment, the $CCl_4$-treated AM HT mice showed more severe liver fibrosis than that of the CCl₄-treated AM WT mice. The AST and ALT levels of the AM HT $CCl_4$ group were higher than those of the AM WT CCl₄ group. Additionally, the collagen deposition, $\alpha$- SMA protein and TGF-$\beta$ protein were increased in the AM HT $CCl_4$ group when compared to the AM WT $CCl_4$ group. The AM HT mice also exhibited severe lipid peroxidation through the GSH decrement. Taken together, our data suggest that AM deficiency increases the susceptibility to liver fibrosis induced by $CCl_4$, indicating a novel therapeutic target for patients with liver fibrosis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 2008

Diabetes mellitus is the fifth leading cause of death among Koreans. Control of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia is strongly correlated with decrease in risks for cardiovascular diseases, the most common and fatal diabetic complication. The effects of chronic feeding of a mixture of Chinese herbs on blood lipid profile were measured in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, db/db mice (C57BL/Ks). The Chinese herb mixture was composed of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer,Astragalus membranaceus, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Lycium chinense, Morus, Pueraria thunbergiana, Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Schizandra chinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Dioscorea batatas, Polygonatum doratumvar. pluriflorum, Paeonia lactiflora, and Rehmannia glutinosa in a ratio of 1 : 0.7 : 0.4 : 0.7 :0.4 : 0.7 : 1.1 : 0.9 : 0.4 : 0.4 : 0.7 :0.7 : 0.9 : 0.9. Methanol extract of the Chinese herb mixture was tested for the inhibitory activity against yeast ${\alpha}$-glucosidase in vitro. The Chinese herb mixture extract inhibited ${\alpha}$-glucosidase by 25.2% at the concentration of 0.5mg/mL. Four weekold male db/db mice (n = 14) were fed AIN-93G semipurified diet or diet containing 10% powder of the Chinese herb mixture for 6 weeks after 1 week of adaptation period. Body weight (39.5 ${\pm}$ 1.6 g) and food intake (4.3 ${\pm}$ 0.6 g/day) of the Chinese herb group were not significantly different from those of the control group (40.4 ${\pm}$ 2.6 g and 4.5 ${\pm}$ 0.6 g/day). Consumption of Chinese herb mixture significantly decreased plasma glucose level (442.5 ${\pm}$ 36.0mg/dL) compared with the control group (489.8 ${\pm}$ 34.6 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol level (159.2 ${\pm}$ 18.4 mg/dL) of the Chinese herb group was significantly lower than that of the control group (185.4 ${\pm}$ 13.7 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Blood glycated hemoglobin (6.3 ${\pm}$ 0.8%) and plasma triglyceride levels (99.4 ${\pm}$ 15.0mg/dL) of the Chinese herb group were not significantly different from those of the control group (6.7 ${\pm}$ 0.7% and 108.8 ${\pm}$ 11.0mg/dL). Thus, the Chinese herb mixture could be useful in the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.153-194
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• 2009

The resources of outer space are for the common exploitation of mankind, and it is a common responsibility of mankind to protect the outer space environment. With the rapid development of space science and technology, and especially with the busy space activities of some major space powers, environmental contamination or space debris is steadily increasing in quantity and has brought grave potential threats and actual damage to the outer space environment and human activities in space. Especially We must mitigate and seek out a solution to remove space debris which poses a threat directly to man's exploitation and use of outer space activities in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and in the Geostationary Orbit (GEO), through international cooperation and agreement in the fields of space science, economics, politics and law, in order to safeguard the life and property of mankind and protect the earth's environment. While the issue of space debris has been the subject of scientific study and discussion for some time now, it has yet to be fully addressed within the context of an international legal framework. During the earlier stages of the space age, which began in the late 1950s, the focus of international lawmakers and diplomats was the establishment of basic rules which sought to define the legal nature of outer space and set out the parameters for space activities and the nature and scope of activities carried out in outer space were quite limited. Consequently, environmental issues and the risks that might arise from the generation of space debris did not receive priority attention within the context of the development international space law. In recent years, however, the world has seen dramatic advances in technology and increases in the type and number of space-related activities which are being carried out. In addition, the number of actors in this field has exploded from two highly developed States to a vast array of different States, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, including private industry. Therefore, the number of artificial objects in the near-Earth space is continually increasing. As has been previously mentioned, COPUOS was the entity that created the existing five treaties, and five sets of legal Principles, which form the core of space law, and COPUOS is clearly the most appropriate entity to oversee the creation of this regulatory body for the outer space environmental problem. This idea has been proposed by various States and also at the ILA Conference in Buenos Aires. The ILA Conference in Buenos Aires produced an extensive proposal for such a regulatory regime, dealing with space debris issues in legal terms This article seeks to discuss the status of international law as it relates to outer space environmental problem and space debris and indicate a course of action which might be taken by the international community to develop a legal framework which can adequately cope with the complexity of issues that have recently been recognized. In Section Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV of this article discuss the current status of international space law, and the extent to which some of the issues raised by earth and space environment are accounted for within the existing United Nations multilateral treaties. Section V and VI discuss the scope and nature of space debris issues as they emerged from the recent multi-year study carried out by the ILA, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ("COPUOS") as a prelude to the matters that will require the attention of international lawmakers in the future. Finally, analyzes the difficulties inherent in the future regulation and control of space debris and the activities to protect the earth's environment. and indicates a possible course of action which could well provide, at the least, a partial solution to this complex challenge.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.5
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• pp.7-21
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• 1964

가잠(家蠶)(Bombyx mori)의 잠체(蠶體), 용체 및 견사선(絹絲腺)(후부(後部))에서 phenol법(法)으로 RNA를 추출(抽出)하여 RNA의 nucleotide 조성(組成)(mole ratio)을 살피는 한편, 견사선(絹絲腺)(후부(後部))에서 초원심법(超遠沈法)으로 r-RNA, s-RNA를 분리(分離)하여 이에 대(對)한 nucleotide조성(組成)을 조사(調査)하고 또 가잠견사선(家蠶絹絲腺)과 비교(比較)할 목적(目的)으로 거미 방적선(紡績腺)의 t-RNA를 분리(分離)하여 nucleotide성분(成分)을 측정(測定)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 잠란(蠶卵)에 있어서 이것을 마수(磨粹), 탈지(脫脂) 후(後) lysozyme을 작용(作用)시키고 10% NaCl용액(溶液)으로 가열(加熱) 추출(抽出)하는 새방법(方法)을 고찰(考察)하여 RNA의 추출(抽出)이 극난(極難)한 잠란(蠶卵)에서 RNA를 분리(分離)하는데 성공(成功)하였다. 2) 가잠란(家蠶卵), 잠체(蠶體), 용체 및 견사선(絹絲腺)(후부(後部))의 t-RNA nucleotide 조성(組成)은 다음과 같다. 시료(試料) $\frac{G+C}{A+U}$ $\frac{G+U}{A+C}$ $\frac{Pu}{Py}$ 가잠란(家蠶卵)의 RNA 1.14 1.24 0.99 가잠체(家蠶體)의 RNA 1.40 1.36 0.80 용체의 RNA 1.40 1.33 1.35 후부견사선(後部絹絲腺)의 RNA 1.05 1.32 1.15 이로서 잠체(蠶體). 용체 및 견사선(絹絲腺)의 Pu/Py는 각각(各各) 차이(差異)가 있으나 G+U/A+C는 3자간(者間)에 1.3의 거이 동일(同一)한 수치(數値)를 보여주고 있다. G+C/A+U는 잠체(蠶體)와 용체에 있어서 동일(同一)하나 견사선(絹絲腺)의 그것과는 차이(差異)가 있다. 한편 잠란(蠶卵)에 있어서는 Pu/Py, G+C/A+U, G+U/A+C가 각각(各各) 잠체(蠶體), 용체 및 견사선(絹絲腺)에 있어서와 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 보여주고 있다. G+C/A+U가 1.3이나 되는 RNA의 base ratio를 가진 생물(生物)에 관(關)해서는 아직 보고(報告)된 바 없고 다만 본논문(本論文)의 가잠(家蠶)에 관(關)한 RNA와 속편(續編)인 각종(各種) 패류(貝類) RNA의 nucleotide 조성(組成)에서 모두 1.3에 가까운 수치(數値)를 보여주고 있다. 3) 견사선(絹絲腺)(후부(後部)) t-RNA와 거미 방적선(紡績腺)의 t-RNA의 nucleotide molar ratio 및 견사선(絹絲腺)의 r-RNA, s-RNA nucleotide 조성(組成)은 다음과 같다. 재료(材料) $\frac{G+C}{A+U}$ $\frac{G+U}{A+C}$ $\frac{Pu}{Py}$ 가잠견사선(家蠶絹絲腺)(후부(後部)의 t-RNA 1.05 1.32 1.15의 r-RNA 1.12 1.30 1.20의 s-RNA 1.55 1.33 0.65 지주방적선(蜘蛛紡績腺)의 t-RNA 1.35 1.24 1.16 즉(卽) 가잠견사선(家蠶絹絲腺)(후부(後部))과 거미방적선(紡績腺)의 t-RNA nucleotide 조성(組成)은 Pu/Py가 1.15와 1.16으로서 거이 동일(同一)하지만 G+C/A+U, G+U/A+C에 차이(差異)가 있음을 보았다. 한편 가잠견사선(家蠶絹絲腺)(후부(後部)) r-RNA와 s-RNA의 Pu/Py와 G+C/A+U는 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)가 있고, G+U/A+C에 있어서는 1.3으로서 거이 동일(同一)한 수치(數値)를 보여주고 있다. 4. 이상(以上)과 같이 잠체(蠶體)에 관(關)한 RNA의 nucleotide 조성(組成)은 소위(所謂) GC-type로서, 현재(現在)까지 문헌(文獻)에 보고(報告)된 각종(各種) 생물(生物)의 RNA의 base ratio에 관(關)하여 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)하였으며, RNA의 nucleotide ratio의 차이(差異)의 의의(意義)에 대(對)하여 고찰(考察)하였다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2012

In anteroposterior projection for cervical vertebra, it is general that the incidence angle of X-ray is $15^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$ degrees to head in order to prevent overlap of mandible and occipital bone and to observe array of cervical interbody and shapes of joints. However, the angle is appropriate for foreigners that was determined by foreign literature review long ago, and there have been few researches of incidence angle for Koreans' body type. The purpose of in this study are to identify the incidence angle appropriate for Koreans and to present methodology. In order to measure the incidence angle, 1,044 patients who visited S Hospital located in Seosan were selected and measured of average length of cervical vertebra, OID, axis angle, and FID. The incidence angle was calculated from the applied formula by measuring average values per age groups and sex (see Formula 1 and 2). The average length of cervical vertebra was 6cm: the length was increased from teenagers to twenties but was decreased since thirties. The difference between males and females was around 1cm (p<.01). The OID was almost the same regardless of age groups and sex. As for axis angle, the slope was increased in teenagers and twenties, but was decreased since thirties. The difference between males and females was around 2 degrees (p<.01). The FID measurements were almost the same regardless of age groups and sex, and when the incidence angle was measured from these values, the teenagers were $15.9^{\circ}$, the twenties were $16.9^{\circ}$, the thirties were $16.6^{\circ}$, the forties were $16.2^{\circ}$, the fifties were $15.9^{\circ}$, and the sixties were $14.5^{\circ}$, indicating that the angle was increased from teenagers to the twenties but decreased since the thirties. While the angles of males and females were measured to be the same in the teenagers, the angle was different between males and females by $2^{\circ}$. When the incidence angle statistically analyzed with measurement of average length of cervical vertebra, OID, axis angle, and FID, all of them were shown to have correlations with the incidence angle (p<.01). Conclusively, it was shown that the incidence angle was measured differently from average length of cervical vertebra, OID, FID, and axis slope, as well as from age and sex. Therefore, it can be suggested that the anteroposterior radiation test for cervical vertebra should be conducted by different incidence angles based on age and sex. The data of this study may be used as reference in determining the incidence angle of cervical vertebra tests for the future.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.77-100
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• 2009

Information Systems (IS) is an essential tool for any organizations. The last decade has seen an increasing body of knowledge on IS usage. Yet, IS often fails because of its misuse or non-use. In general, decisions regarding the selection of a system, which involve the evaluation of many IS vendors and an enormous initial investment, are made not through the consensus of employees but through the top-down decision making by top managers. In situations where the selected system does not satisfy the needs of the employees, the forced use of the selected IS will only result in their resistance to it. Many organizations have been either integrating dispersed legacy systems such as archipelago or adopting a new ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system to enhance employee efficiency. This study examines user resistance prior to the adoption of the selected IS or ERP system. As such, this study identifies the importance of managing organizational resistance that may appear in the pre-adoption context of an integrated IS or ERP system, explores key factors influencing user resistance, and investigates how prior experience with other integrated IS or ERP systems may change the relationship between the affecting factors and user resistance. This study focuses on organizational members' resistance and the affecting factors in the pre-adoption context of an integrated IS or ERP system rather than in the context of an ERP adoption itself or ERP post-adoption. Based on prior literature, this study proposes a research model that considers six key variables, including perceived benefit, system complexity, fitness with existing tasks, attitude toward change, the psychological reactance trait, and perceived IT competence. They are considered as independent variables affecting user resistance toward an integrated IS or ERP system. This study also introduces the concept of prior experience (i.e., whether a user has prior experience with an integrated IS or ERP system) as a moderating variable to examine the impact of perceived benefit and attitude toward change in user resistance. As such, we propose eight hypotheses with respect to the model. For the empirical validation of the hypotheses, we developed relevant instruments for each research variable based on prior literature and surveyed 95 professional researchers and the administrative staff of the Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI). We examined the organizational characteristics of KOPTI, the reasons behind their adoption of an ERP system, process changes caused by the introduction of the system, and employees' resistance/attitude toward the system at the time of the introduction. The results of the multiple regression analysis suggest that, among the six variables, perceived benefit, complexity, attitude toward change, and the psychological reactance trait significantly influence user resistance. These results further suggest that top management should manage the psychological states of their employees in order to minimize their resistance to the forced IS, even in the new system pre-adoption context. In addition, the moderating variable-prior experience was found to change the strength of the relationship between attitude toward change and system resistance. That is, the effect of attitude toward change in user resistance was significantly stronger in those with prior experience than those with no prior experience. This result implies that those with prior experience should be identified and provided with some type of attitude training or change management programs to minimize their resistance to the adoption of a system. This study contributes to the IS field by providing practical implications for IS practitioners. This study identifies system resistance stimuli of users, focusing on the pre-adoption context in a forced ERP system environment. We have empirically validated the proposed research model by examining several significant factors affecting user resistance against the adoption of an ERP system. In particular, we find a clear and significant role of the moderating variable, prior ERP usage experience, in the relationship between the affecting factors and user resistance. The results of the study suggest the importance of appropriately managing the factors that affect user resistance in organizations that plan to introduce a new ERP system or integrate legacy systems. Moreover, this study offers to practitioners several specific strategies (in particular, the categorization of users by their prior usage experience) for alleviating the resistant behaviors of users in the process of the ERP adoption before a system becomes available to them. Despite the valuable contributions of this study, there are also some limitations which will be discussed in this paper to make the study more complete and consistent.