• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.976-988
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to examine the memory and attention enhancement effect of YMG-1 and YMG-2, which are modified herbal extracts from Yukmijihwang-tang (YMJ). YMJ, composing six herbal medicine, has been used for restoring the normal functions of the body to consolidate the constitution, nourishing and invigorating the kidney functions for hundreds years in Asian countries. A series of studies reported that YMJ and its components enhance memory retention, protects neuronal cell from reactive oxygen attack and boost immune activities. Recently the microarray analysis suggested that YMG-1 protects neurodegeneration through modulating various neuron specific genes. A total of 55 subjects were divided into three groups according to the treatment of YMG-1 (n=20), YMG-2 (n=20) and control (C; n=15) groups. Before treatments, all of subjects were subjected to the assessments on neuropsychological tests of K-WAIS test, Rey-Kim memory test, and psychophysiological test of Event-Related Potential (ERP) during auditory oddball task and repeated word recognition task. They were repeatedly assessed with the same methods after drug treatment for 6 weeks. Although no significant effect of drug was found in Rey-Kim memory test, a significant interaction (P = .010, P < 0.05) between YMG-2 and C groups was identified in the scores digit span and block design, which are the subscales of K-WAIS. The very similar but marginal interaction (P = .064) between YMG-1 and C groups was found too. In ERP analysis, only YMG-1 group showed decreasing tendency of P300 latency during oddball task while the others tended to increase, and it caused significant interaction between session and group (p= .004). This result implies the enhancement of cognitive function in due to consideration of relationship between P300 latency and the speed of information processing. However, no evidence which could demonstrate the significant drug effect was found in neither amplitude or latency. These results come together suggest that YMG-1, 2 may enhance the attention, resulting in enhancement of memory processing. For elucidating detailed mechanism of YMG on learning and memory, the further studies are necessary.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

This study was performed to test the effect of horseradish powder in fattening pig diet on odorous compound concentration from manure. Twenty fattening boars [Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] weighing an average body weight of $68.4{\pm}4.95}$ kg were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (horseradish level in diets: 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%) based on their body weight. This experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design using 5 pigs per treatment with 1 pig per metabolizable cage. Pigs were fed experimental diet (amount proportional to 3% of their body weight) twice a day (09:00 and 16:00) for 7 d after having 14 d adaptation period. Experimental diets were mixed with water by 1:2.5 v/v. Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was highest (p<0.05) when pigs fed diet with 0.02% horseradish powder. Level of phenol compounds including phenol and p-cresol were decreased (p<0.05) in 0.01~0.02% horseradish treatment group compared with control group. Concentration of indoles including indole and skatole was lowest (p<0.05) in 0.03% horseradish treatment group compare to others. Therefore, results from our current study suggest that the optimal levels of horseradish powder in diet for reducing phenol and indole compounds in pig manure were 0.02 and 0.03%, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to compare different methods on effective energy evaluation of corn silage for beef cattle. Methods: Twenty Wandong bulls (Chinese indigenous yellow cattle) with initial body weight of $281{\pm}15.6kg$, were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 4 animals per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Five dietary treatments included group 1 with corn silage only diet, group 2 with corn silage-concentrate basal diet (BD) and 3 groups with 3 test diets, which were the BD partly substituted by corn silage at 10%, 30%, and 60%. The total collection digestion trial was conducted for 5 d for each block after a 10-d adaptation period, and then an open-circuit respiratory cage was used to measure the gas exchange of each animal in a consecutive 4-d period. Results: The direct method-derived metabolizable energy and net energy of corn silage were 8.86 and 5.15 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), expressed as net energy requirement for maintenance and gain were 5.28 and 2.90 MJ/kg DM, respectively; the corresponding regression method-derived estimates were 8.96, 5.34, 5.37, and 2.98 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The direct method-derived estimates were not different (p>0.05) from those obtained using the regression method. Using substitution method, the nutrient apparent digestibility and effective energy values of corn silage varied with the increased corn silage substitution ratio (p<0.05). In addition, the corn silage estimates at the substitution ratio of 30% were similar to those estimated by direct and regression methods. Conclusion: In determining the energy value of corn silage using substitution method, there was a discrepancy between different substitution ratios, and the substitution ratio of 30% was more appropriate than 10% or 60% in the current study. The regression method based on multiple point substitution was more appropriate than single point substitution on energy evaluation of feedstuffs for beef cattle.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 1999

Background: The current maximal recommended doses of lidocaine are 7 mg/kg with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of epinephrine. But in clinical practice, sometimes more doses of lidocaine are required to produce adequate regional anesthesia. Method: Twenty-two healthy women patients were divided into two groups and pretreated with valium 5 mg p.o., morphine 5 mg i.m., and midazolam 2 mg i.v. before operation. Of these, 7 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of epinephrine were given to 11 patients epidurally. Initial 3 ml of epinephrine mixed lidocaine was given as a test dose and remaining doses were given 5 ml/30 sec with 3 min intervals. Radial arterial blood were drawn at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min to measure plasma lidocaine concentrations. After confirming all of the peak plasma concentrations of 7 mg/kg lidocaine were absolutely under $5\;{\mu}g/ml$, the other 11 patients were given 10 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with $5\;{\mu}g/ml$ of epinephrine epidurally and blood samplings were taken according to the same method of 7 mg/kg group. The peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach to $C_{max}$ ($T_{max}$), time to reach to $T_4$, maximal sensory block level, systemic toxicity, and vital sign changes were investigated. Result: $C_{max}$ was significantly higher in 10 mg/kg group ($5.1{\pm}1.3\;{\mu}g/ml$) than 7 mg/kg group($3.3{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$), but $T_{max}$ ($10.5{\pm}2.7$ min vs $10.9{\pm}3.1$ min) was not different. Time to reach $T_4$ was significantly shorter in 10 mg/kg group ($9.5{\pm}2.7$ min) than 7 mg/kg group ($12.7{\pm}3.2$ min) but maximal sensory block level ($T_{3.7{\pm}0.7}$ vs $T_{2.7{\pm}1.0}$) was not different. In four patients of 10 mg/kg group, peak plasma concentrations exceeded $5\;{\mu}g/ml$, but no systemic toxicities appeared. No significant vital sign changes were observed. Conclusion: The current maximal recommended doses of lidocaine, merely based on body weight are not always appropriate. Further studies are needed to determine more precise guideline of maximal doses that include various pharmacokinetic components.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2007

Background: The safety of cervical transforaminal epidural block has been the subject of debate, therefore, this study was conducted to measure the angle of the cervical transforaminal axis and to investigate its relationship to the internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery and vertebral artery. Methods: One hundred cases of cervical MRI were reviewed. The angle between a line passing through the center of the vertebral body and spinous process and a line passing through the center of the lamina in C3-4, C4-5 and C5-6 was measured and designated as A-degree. Additionally, we drew a line at the back of the vertebral artery that ran parallel to a line passing through the center of the lamina, which was presented as A-line. We then examined the distribution of the area in which the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery were located. Results: The mean values of the A-degree in C3-4, C4-5 and C5-6 were $53.5{\pm}4.3$, $54.2{\pm}4.6$ and $54.3{\pm}4.8$, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among age groups or vertebral levels (ANOVA test, P > 0.05). The A-line was distributed primarily throughout zone 3, 4, and 5 in C3-4 and zone 5 in C4-5 and C5-6. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the mean values of A-degree were not statistically different among each age group and each vertebral level. However, the A-line may be located in the zone in which the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery lie and individual differences in the A-degree remain.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.44 no.4 s.316
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• pp.86-92
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• 2007

A discrete dynamic model for tracking feature points in 2D images is developed. Conventional snake approaches deform a contour to lock onto features of interest within an image by finding a minimum of its energy functional, composed of internal and external forces. The neighborhood around center snaxel is a space matrix, typically rectangular. The structure of the model proposed in this paper is a set of connected vertices. Energy model is designed for its local minima to comprise the set of alternative solutions available to active process. Block on tracking is one dimension, line type. Initial starting points are defined to the satisfaction of indent states, which is then automatically modified by an energy minimizing process. The track is influenced by curvature constraints, ascent/descent or upper/lower points. The advantages and effectiveness of this layer approach may also be applied to feature points tracking of digital image whose pixels have one directional properties with high autocorrelation between adjacent data lines, vertically or horizontally. The test image is the ultrasonic carotid artery image of human body, and we have verified its effect on intima/adventitia starting points tracking.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1431-1445
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• 2022

We construct a deep neural network model named ECGResNet. This model can diagnosis diseases based on 12-lead ECG data of eight common cardiovascular diseases with a high accuracy. We chose the 16 Blocks of ResNet50 as the main body of the model and added the Squeeze-and-Excitation module to learn the data information between channels adaptively. We modified the first convolutional layer of ResNet50 which has a convolutional kernel of 7 to a superposition of convolutional kernels of 8 and 16 as our feature extraction method. This way allows the model to focus on the overall trend of the ECG signal while also noticing subtle changes. The model further improves the accuracy of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease classification by using a fully connected layer that integrates factors such as gender and age. The ECGResNet model adds Dropout layers to both the residual block and SE module of ResNet50, further avoiding the phenomenon of model overfitting. The model was eventually trained using a five-fold cross-validation and Flooding training method, with an accuracy of 95% on the test set and an F1-score of 0.841.We design a new deep neural network, innovate a multi-scale feature extraction method, and apply the SE module to extract features of ECG data.

• Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 2023

BACKGROUND: Dobutamine and adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is relatively contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). We aimed to determine the safety of dobutamine and adenosine stress CMR in patients with moderate to severe AS. METHODS: In this retrospective study patients with AS who underwent either dobutamine or adenosine stress CMR for exclusion of obstructive coronary artery disease were enrolled. We recorded clinical data, CMR and echocardiography findings, and complications as well as minor symptoms. Patients with AS were compared to matched individuals without AS. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients with AS were identified and compared to age-, gender- and body mass index-matched 187 patients without AS. No severe complications were reported in the study nor the control group. The reported frequency of non-severe complications and minor symptoms were similar between the study and the control groups. Nineteen patients with AS experienced non-severe complications or minor symptoms during dobutamine stress CMR compared to eighteen patients without AS (p = 0.855). One patient with AS and two patients without AS undergoing adenosine stress CMR experienced minor symptoms (p = 0.562). Four examinations were aborted because of chest pain, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and third-degree atrioventricular block. Inducible ischaemia, prior coronary artery bypass grafting, prior stroke and age were associated with a higher incidence of complications and minor symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to severe AS was not associated with complications during CMR stress test. The incidence of non-severe complications and minor symptoms was greater with dobutamine.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.698-702
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• 2013

It is known that black sticky rice with giant embryo (BSRGB, Milyang 263) and giant embryo rice (GER) contains higher levels of GABA than rice. Therefore, feeding BSRGB, GER, or rice freely to C57BL/6 mice with two-hour alcohol intake for 16 days was investigated. For two-hour alcohol intake, a repeated measure ANOVA (three treatment groups repeated across 16 days; 8 two-day blocks) yielded a significant group by block interaction (df=16, F=3.109, p=0.004). The independent t-test showed that significant suppression of two-hour alcohol intake was observed when subjects were administered with BSRGB, compared with the rice alone across all the two-day blocks (p<0.05). The paired t-test revealed that a significant suppression of two-hour alcohol intake was observed starting 4 to 16 days after freely feeding with BSRGB compared to before feeding. However, there is no significant difference in the two-hour alcohol intake observed between the before and after administration of rice. A repeated measure ANOVA revealed no significant group by block interaction for 22-hour water intake and body weight. However, a repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant grouping by block interaction for food intake. These results indicate a change of two-hour alcohol intake is presumably caused by GABA, which is found in higher levels in BSRGB than in rice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2008

The fyn-related kinase (FRK) belongs to the tyrosine kinase family of protein kinases. Recent studies have shown that Frk affects pancreatic beta cell number during embryogenesis and promotes beta cell cytotoxic signals in response to streptozotocin. To investigate the genetic association between FRK polymorphisms and the risk of obesity in Korean population, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FRK gene region were selected and analyzed. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and biochemical data (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, and low density lipoprotein) of blood sample from each subject were also measured. One hundred fifty five healthy control and 204 overweight/obesity subjects were recruited. Genotype frequencies of six SNPs [rs6568920 (+8391G>A), rs3756772 (+56780A>G), rs3798234 (+75687C>T), rs9384970 (+68506G>A), rs1933739 (+72978G>A), and rs9400883 (+75809A>G)] in the FRK gene were determined by Affymetrix Targeted Genotyping Chip data. According to the classification of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, control (BMI 18 to < 23) and overweight/obesity (BMI$\geq$23) subjects were recruited. For the analysis of genetic data, EM algorithm, SNPStats, Haploview, HapAnalyzer, SNPAnalyzer, and Helixtree programs were used. Multiple logistic regression analysis (codominant, dominant, and recessive models) was performed. Age and gender as covariates were adjusted. For biochemical data, Student's t test was used. The mean value of BMI in the control and overweigh/obesity groups was 21.1${\pm}$1.2 (mean${\pm}$SD) and 25.6${\pm}$2.0, respectively. All biochemical data of the overweight/obesity group were statistically significance, compared with the control group. Among six SNPs, two linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks were discovered. One block consisted of rs1933739 and rs9400883, and the other comprised rs3756772 and rs3798234. One SNP (rs9384970, +68506G>A) showed an association with overweight/obesity in the codominant model (p=0.03). Interestingly, the AA genotype distribution in the overweight/obesity group (n=7, 3.5%) was higher than those in the control group (n=1, 0.6%), which is not found in either Japanese or Chinese subjects. Therefore, the AA genotype of rs9384970 may be a risk factor for development of obesity in Korean population. The results suggest that FRK may be associated with overweight/obesity in Korean population.