• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.577-586
• /
• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower (QS) to the diet of broiler chicks on their growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, cecal microbiota, serum lipid profiles, relative organ weight, and breast muscle quality. Methods: A total of 1,088 1-day-old broiler chicks (mixed sex) were randomly assigned to four groups based on the initial body weight (43.00±0.29 g). The experimental period was 35 days (starter, days 0 to 7; grower, days 7 to 21; finisher, days 21 to 35). There were 17 replicate cages per treatment and 16 birds per cage. Dietary treatments consisted of birds receiving basal diet without quercetin as the control group and treatment groups consisted of birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 g/kg QS. Results: With the increase of the QS dosage, body weight gain during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.021), 7 to 21 (p = 0.010), and 1 to 35 (p = 0.045), feed intake during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.037) and 1 to 35 (p = 0.025), apparent dry matter digestibility (p = 0.008), apparent energy retention (p = 0.004), cecal lactic acid bacteria counts (p = 0.023), the relative weight of breast muscle (p = 0.014), pH value from breast muscle (p<0.001), and the water holding capacity of breast muscle (p = 0.012) increased linearly, whereas the drip loss from breast muscle (p = 0.001) decreased linearly. Conclusion: The addition of QS in the diet of broiler chicks had positive effects on the breast muscle yield and breast muscle quality, and improved the dry matter digestibility and energy retention by increasing cecal beneficial bacteria counts, thus improving growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.551-556
• /
• 1996

Selenium (Se) apparent absorption and retention in sheep as influenced by diets differing in protein content through soybean meal supplementation was studied. A $3{\times}3$ Latin square design was used with three Japanese Corriedale wethers (45 kg average body weight), three periods, and three dietary treatments. In each period, 7 d dietary adjustment was followed by 5 d total collection of urine and feces. The three dietary treatments were : Diet 1, without soybean meal supplementation (14% crude protein, CP); Diet 2, with 10% soybean meal supplementation (16.5% CP); and Diet 3, with 20% soybean meal supplementation (19% CP). All the diets had a Se supplementation in the form of sodium selenite at 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM. The dietary DM intake of the animals was 2% of their body weight. No significant differences were obtained among the three dietary treatments of the Se balance of the animals. However, as percent of Se intake, only urinary Se concentration of Diet 3 was markedly lower (p < 0.05) than the other diets. Fecal Se as percent of Se intake followed the trend of Diet 3> Diet 2 > Diet 1 resulting a Se absorbed as percent of Se intake of 58.9%, 62.3% and 68.2% for Diets 3, 2 and 1, respectively but their differences among each other were insignificant. No significant differences that were observed either on Se retained as percent of intake (Diet 1, 48.2%; Diet 2, 45.2%; Diet 3, 46.0%) or Se retained as percent of Se absorbed (Diet 1, 70.7%; Diet 2, 72.4%; Diet 3, 77.9%). Significant correlation coefficients among the various measures of Se utilization were also observed. Regression analysis showed the following equation: Y = 93.8 - 1.86X (p <0.05, $r^{2}=0.48$), where Y is the Se absorbed as percent of Se intake (%) and X is the dietary protein content (%). This study concludes that Se requirement in sheep is greater when dietary protein content is high.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.184-189
• /
• 2008

흰다리새우 Litopenaeus vannamei 적정 사육기법을 개발하고자 사육수온(20, 23과 $26^{\circ}C$)에 따른 간췌장, 전장과 중장에서의 trypsin 활성 및 먹이섭취량을 조사하였다. $26^{\circ}C$에서의 흰다리새우 간췌장내의 효소활성은 $23^{\circ}C$ 구간보다 2배, $20^{\circ}C$ 구간보다 3배의 활성을 보였다. 전장에서의 효소활성은 사육수온에 관계없이 300 nmol/mg/min 과 340 nmol/mg/min로 유사한 최대 활성을 보였으나 먹이섭취 후 최대 활성이 나타나는 시간은 수온이 높을수록 짧아지는 것으로 나타났다. 중장에서의 효소활성은 먹이섭취량과 관계없이 $26^{\circ}C$ 구간에서 가장 높게 기록되어 수온이 높을수록 중장에서의 효소활성 또한 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 체중에 대한 전장과 중장의 무게 비율의 변화, 즉 섭취된 먹이량에 의한 비율변화를 조사한 결과 전장에서의 최대 먹이섭취는 $23^{\circ}C$ 구간으로 체중의 0.6%를 섭취하였으며, $26^{\circ}C$는 0.5% 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 0.4%의 먹이를 섭취한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 최대먹이섭취는 $23^{\circ}C$에서 일어났지만 수온이 높은 구간인 $26^{\circ}C$에서 효소의 활성은 가장 높았고 배설률 또한 높아서 먹이의 잔류시간이 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. $20^{\circ}C$ 구간에서는 가장 적은 양의 먹이를 섭취하였고 효소활성 또한 가장 낮았으나 소화관내 먹이 잔류율이 실험기간 동안 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 각 수온에서 먹이섭취량에 따른 소화효소의 활성변화와 배설률에 따른 먹이 잔류시간을 고려하여 먹이공급량과 시간을 조절한다면 최적의 성장을 유도할 수 있는 방법으로 제시될 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.578-589
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to invstigate the effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmium intoxicification in rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 8 groups of 6 animals according to body weigth, and were raised for 30days. Eight experimental diets different with cadmium(0ppm, 400ppm)and protein(15%, 40%) levels and protein source[casien, I.S.P.(isolated soy protein)] were given to animals for 30days. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver weight, kidney weight and femur weight were lower in cadmium added group, and higher in high protein groups(40% protein) than medium protein groups(15% protein). But, dietary protein source had no influence on them. Cadmium concerntration of liver was higher in rats fed casein than I.S.P. groups, and cadmium concentration in intestine was higher in high protein groups. In femur both high protein and I.S.P.diets increased cadmium concentrations. MT concdentrations in liver, kidney and intestine were higher in cadmium added group, and kidney intestine MT concentration were higher in high protein group. Absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in rat fed I.S.P. than animal fed casein among medium protein groups and cadmium concentration in blood and liver of I.S.P groups were lower than casein groups. But absorption and retention rates of cadmium were similar in high casein and I.S.P. groups. Renal damage by cadmium administration was not seen in all groups. Absorption rates of zinc and copper competing with cadmium in absorption process were lower in high protein groups than medium protein groups and lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In conclusion, weight gain, F.E.R, and MT concentraion of high protein groups were higher than those of medium protein groups and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in high protein groups. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alleviated by high dietary protein. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary source on the cadmium toxicity was different with protein level. In medium protein groups absorption and retention rates of cadmium were much lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In high protein groups, cadmium toxicity was not influenced by protein source and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were not different between casein and I.S.P. groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제10권5호
• /
• pp.455-459
• /
• 1997

Fifteen intact male Jamunapari goats, average body weight $22.0{\pm}1.18kg$ were divided into three groups of 5 animals in each to investigate the effects of feeding leucaena on energy retention and distribution of retained energy. Leucaena leaves and twigs provided 0%, 25% and 50% of CP in the rations of animals in $L_1$ (control), $L_2$ and $L_3$ groups, respectively. Energy balances were determined in an open circuit respiration chamber from gaseous exchange and nitrogen carbon balances. Energy retentions calculated from gaseous exchange data were 181.6, 190.0 and 172.8 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ and from carbon-nitrogen balances were 178.2, 199.5 and 171.1 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ in $L_1$, $L_2$ and $L_3$ groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed among the groups in both the methods. The retention of nitrogen and energy in the form of protein was similar in different treatment groups. Similarly, no significant effect was observed on energy retention in the form of fat and total energy retention due to incorporation of leucaena in the diets.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 1986

정상적인 산란계와 란소 기능을 정지시킨 비산란계의 에너지 대사를 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 절식시 열생산량(FHP)은 산란계 109.7Kcal/kg$^{0.75}$ , 비산란계 87.4 Kcal/kg$^{0.75}$ 이며 전자의 FHP가 약 25.5% 높았다. 2. 유지를 위한 ME요구량(MEm)에 있어서 산란계 149Kcal/kg$^{0.75}$ 에 대하여 비산란계는 135Kcal/kg$^{0.75}$ 이며 산란계가 10% 높았다. 이는 유지시라 하드라도 란생산을 계속하는 이상체내에서의 산란을 위해 대사작용이 계속되기 때문으로 생각된다. 3. 생산을 위한 ME의 정미이용효율(NAME)은 산란계 77%, 비산란계 83%이었다. 이 경우 체에너지 축적이 마이너스였던 산란계의 NAME은 주로 란생산을 위한 ME 이용효율이며 또 산란이 중지된 비산란계의 NAME은 증체를 위한 이용효율에 해당된다고 생각된다. 4. 산란계와 비산란계에 있어서 각각 체중과 체에너지 축적의 회귀식으로 구한 체중 1g 증감할때의 에너지치는 산란계 3.54Kcal, 비산란계5.04Kcal 가 된다. 즉, 산란계는 비산란계에 비하여 약 70%의 에너지가를 나타내어 이들은 체에너지가 란생산을 위해 이용되는 경우의 이용효율을 나타내는 것이라 생각된다. 5. 혈청중 T$_3$ 및 T$_4$ 측정결과 T$_4$농도는 유의차가 없는데 비하여 T$_3$ 농도는 산란계가 비산란계에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다. 6. 간추출액중 에너지 대사에 관여하는 효소, ATP citrate lyase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase 및 glutamic pyruvic transaminase활성을 측정한 결과 간추출액 1mg 1분간당 분해기질을 기준으로 할 때 측정한 4개 효소활성은 산란계가 비산란계에 비하여 유의적으로 증가한다. 그러나 간 1당 1분간 분해 기질을 기준으로 할 때 ICD와 APT citrate lyase만이 산란계의 활성이 현저히 증가하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.577-583
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the supplemental effects of dietary garlic extract (GE) on growth performance of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). The first experiment was designed to determine the optimum levels of garlic extract as growth promoter during 10 weeks. Three groups (two replicates/group) of 240 fish with mean body weight of 85 g were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 0.5 and 1.0% of GE. The highest weight gain (%) and feed efficiency (%) were found in fish groups fed with diet containing 0.5% GE. Subsequently, the supplemental effects of dietary GE was studied on growth of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) with an average body weight of 59.6 g. Fish cultured in freshwater were randomly allotted to each of 10 tanks (two groups of five replicates, 20 fish/tank) and fed diets with 0.5% GE or without GE (control), respectively, at the level of 2.0% of fish body weight per day for 5 weeks. Weight gain (51.1%), feed efficiency (79.1%), specific growth rate (1.18%) and protein efficiency ratio (1.50) of fish fed 0.5% GE were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fish fed the control diet. Significantly higher protein (PRE 20.4%) and lipid retention efficiencies (LRE, 74.5%) were also found in 0.5% GE group (p<0.05). The present results suggested that dietary GE could improve growth and feed utilization of juvenile sterlet sturgeons.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.35-39
• /
• 2013

The aim of this study was to assess visible implant fluorescent elastomer (VIE) tagging in greenling Hexagrammos otakii. The experiental fish were anesthetized individually and marked with orange, yellow, red, and green elastomer at the following five body locations, respectively: the adipose eyelid, the surface of the dorsal fin base, the inside surface of the pectoral fin base, the inside surface of the pelvic fin base, and the surface of the anal fin base. Control fish were anesthetized but not marked. During the 20-month trial, fish growth and retention, underwater visibility, and readability of the tags were determined. After 20 months, body length of marked greenling ($43.2{\pm}3.5cm$, mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation [SD]) did not differ from that of the control ($41.4{\pm}3.7cm$). Additionally, the body weight of marked greenling ($527.4{\pm}39.8g$, mean ${\pm}$ SD) did not differ from that of the controls ($505.9{\pm}31.7g$). Greenling retained >90% of the tags at the surface of the dorsal fin base. The anal fin base showed a higher tag retention rate than the inside surfaces of the pectoral fin and the pelvic fin bases (P < 0.05). Red and orange tags were identified more easily underwater than green and yellow tags. Green and yellow tags emitted fluorescence in response to a narrower range of light wavelengths. Thus, the VIE mark was easy to apply to greenling (< 1 min per fish) and was readily visible when viewed under an ultraviolet lamp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 2015

The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth performance, the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen and energy, the retention of nutrients and the apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEn) in broiler chickens supplemented with increasing doses of a worm leachate (WL) as a source of humic substances (HS) in the drinking water. In Exp. 1, 140 male broilers were penned individually and assigned to four WL levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) mixed in the drinking water from 21 to 49 days of age. Water was offered in plastic bottles tied to the cage. In Exp. 2, 600 male broilers from 21 to 49 days of age housed in floor pens were assigned to three levels of WL (0%, 10%, and 20%) mixed in the drinking water. The WL was mixed with tap water in plastic containers connected by plastic tubing to bell drinkers. The results of both experiments were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts. In Exp. 1, the daily water consumption was similar among treatments but the consumption of humic, fulvic, and total humic acids increased linearly (p<0.01) as the WL increased in the drinking water. The feed conversion (p<0.01) and the ileal digestibility of energy, the excretion of dry matter and energy, the retention of dry matter, ash and nitrogen and the AMEn showed quadratic responses (p<0.05) relative to the WL levels in drinking water. In Exp. 2, the increasing level of WL in the drinking water had quadratic effects on the final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). The addition of WL as a source of HS in the drinking water had beneficial effects on the growth performance, ileal digestibility of energy, the retention of nutrients as well on the AMEn in broiler chickens; the best results were observed when the WL was mixed at levels of 20% to 30% in the drinking water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.46-52
• /
• 2004

Hisardale male lambs (n=24, 4-5 month of age) were maintained on a conventional ration for a month, to equilibrate the body mineral status. Six lambs were sacrificed after one month of feeding; the samples of organs were analyzed to ascertain mineral status. The remaining 18 lambs were divided into 3 groups of 6 each on body weight basis. Three dietary treatments containing 100 ($T_1$), 110 ($T_2$) and 120% ($T_3$) of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) as specified by NRC (1985) were formulated and each treatment was alloted ad libitum to a group for 120 days. Blood and wool samples were collected at monthly intervals. At the end of the experiment a balance trial of 5 days duration was conducted to study the balance of mineral elements. The effective intake of minerals was Ca, 111 and 120, P, 110 and 122; S, 112 and 129; Zn, 112 and 126 and Mn, 109 and 123 percent in $T_2$ and $T_3$, respectively, in comparison to $T_1$ (100). The additional mineral supplementation had no significant effect on dry matter intake. The average daily weight gain was higher (p<0.01) in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than the control ($T_1$). The lambs under treatments $T_2$ (8.72) and $T_3$ (8.47 kg) consumed apparently lesser amount of dry matter per unit gain as compared to $T_1$ (10.81 kg). Significantly higher (p<0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility (%) were observed in $T_2$ and $T_3$ than in $T_1$. The mean balances for different elements were Ca, 1.14, 1.68 and 1.67 g; P, 1.70, 1.95 and 2.18 g; S, 0.54, 0.92 and 1.11 g; Zn, 22.56, 25.30 and 28.71 mg; Cu, 7.94, 5.71 and 5.53 mg; Fe, 33.19, 32.94 and 31.03 mg and Mn, 8.24, 14.40 and 16.07 mg/lamb/day. The retention of supplemental minerals increased (p<0.01) while that of Cu decreased (p<0.01) due to supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn). Retention as per cent of intake increased statistically for S and Mn while that of Cu decreased. It can be concluded that supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) higher than the recommended level improved body weight gain and feed to gain ratio. The retention of minerals increased due to supplementation. Therefore, an additional supplementation of deficient minerals (Ca, P, S, Zn and Mn) by 10% was beneficial for Hisardale male lambs under tropical condition in India.