• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.245-256
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• 1996

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been developed as a new drug delivery system. Although many particulate drug carriers, such as microsphere, liposome, niosome, emulsion, etc. have been introduced, they have some disadvantage; low efficiency of incorporation and stability, lack of reproducibility, and so on. Meanwhile, SLN as a new drug delivery system is known to entrap rugs with a high efficiency and a good reproducibility. Moreover, small size SLN can circulate in blood for a prolonged time. Although many preparation methods were introduced, microfluidization method is recommended to be the most useful. This study was attempted to prepare and evaluate ketoprofen-incorporated SLNs (keto-SLN), which were prepared by two methods, ultrasonication and microfluidization. Keto-SLN was evaluated by measurement of particle size and zeta potential, efficacy of entrapment, sedimentation volume, in virto release pattern. The mean particle size was about $0.1\;{\mu}m$, and the size was dependent on the type and the amount of emulsifier. Zeta potential was negative, $-9{\sim}-13mV$ and entrapment efficacy was very high and stability was good for at least 60 days in the respect of particle size and sedimentation volume ratio. Analgesic effect was also determined as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. The former was comparable to that of that of ketoprofen loaded suspension (keto-sus) and the latter revealed that consistent with the delayed release of keto-SLN. $T_{max}$ was longer than keto-sus. Therefore, keto-SLN was favourable dosage forms in the field of drug delivery system such as anti-cancer, analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.206-210
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• 2005

Objective : Our aim is to evaluate the early changes of biologic markers such as white blood cell[WBC] count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate[ESR] and C-reactive protein[CRP] in early diagnosis of postoperative infection and to differentiate infection from inflammatory reaction in lumbar spine surgery. Methods : We reviewed 330patients who had undergone spinal operations between May 1999 and October 2001. For this study, the patients were classified into two groups, which include a group that underwent spinal decompressive surgery without instrumentation[SD], and the other group that underwent fusion surgery with spinal instrumentation[SI]. And each group was also subdivided into two groups respectively, one with infection and the other without infection. We retrospectively analyzed the WBC count, ESR and CRP preoperatively and postoperatively, according to their operation type and postoperative infection history. Results : Inflammatory indices were physiologically affected by instrumentation itself. But ESR and CRP elevations were more prolonged and sustained under infection. In SD patients without infection, ESR and CRP were stabilized 5 days after surgery. In SI patients without infection, CRP was stabilized about 7days after surgery, but ESR showed sustained and variously elevated. In both SD and SI groups, the stabilization of CRP was the most reliable behavior of surgery without infection. Conclusion : C-reactive protein is most sensitive parameter for postoperative spine infection. The knowledge of the inflammatory indices and their relatively uniform patterns with or without infection offers surgeons the ability to infer the state of surgical wound.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2017

Purpose: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a disabling pain that mostly occurs in elderly women, but rarely in men. It is characterized by an unremitting oral burning sensation and pain without detectable oral mucosal changes. We investigated the clinical and hematologic features of middle-aged men with BMS, and compared the results to those of men with oral mucositis. Methods: Five men with BMS ($48.60{\pm}6.19years$) and five age-matched controls with oral mucositis ($49.80{\pm}15.26years$) underwent clinical and psychological evaluations and blood tests. Psychological status was evaluated using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined from the blood samples. Results: ADH level was significantly lower in men with BMS than in the controls. ADH levels correlated with testosterone (p<0.01), and ACTH levels strongly correlated with ESR (p<0.05). Progesterone level positively correlated with FSH and LH levels. Pain intensity on a visual analogue scale correlated with estradiol level only in men with BMS. Among psychological factors, the obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal-sensitivity, and anxiety scores were higher in men with BMS than in the controls (p<0.05). However, no correlations were observed between the psychological and hematologic factors in both groups. The BMS symptoms presented only on the tongue, with the lateral border being the most prevalent area. Conclusions: Men with BMS may experience dysregulated endocrinologic or psychoneuroendocrinologic interactions, which might affect oral BMS symptoms, aggravating the severity of the burning sensation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2018

Purpose: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome with many causes, including Kawasaki disease (KD). The purpose of this study was to identify the laboratory tests needed to easily differentiate KD with HLH from incomplete KD alone. Methods: We performed a retrospective study on patients diagnosed with incomplete KD and incomplete KD with HLH (HLH-KD) between January 2012 and March 2015. We compared 8 secondary HLH patients who were first diagnosed with incomplete KD with all 247 incomplete KD diagnosed patients during the study period. The complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, platelet count, and serum total protein, albumin, triglyceride, C-reactive protein, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and ferritin levels were compared. Clinical characteristics and echocardiography findings were also compared between the 2 groups. Results: The total duration of fever was longer in the HLH-KD group than in the KD group. White blood cell and platelet counts were higher in the KD group. Alanine aminotransferase, ferritin, and coronary artery diameter were increased in the HLH-KD group compared with those in the KD group. The median of NT-proBNP was significantly higher in the HLH-KD group than in the KD group at 889.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 384.5-1792.0) pg/mL vs. 233.0 (IQR, 107.0-544.0) pg/mL. Conclusion: The NT-proBNP level may be helpful in distinguishing incomplete KD from KD with HLH. The NT-proBNP level should be determined in KD patients with prolonged fever, in addition to the white blood cell count, platelet count, and ferritin level, to evaluate secondary HLH.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.997-1005
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the effects of Paljung-san on a patient with a catheter-associated urinary tract infection following a cerebral stroke. Methods: The patient was treated with herbal medicine (Paljung-san), and the effects of the treatment were evaluated using blood laboratory tests (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count) and routine urine analysis. Results: After treatment, the patient's level of infection, as determined by the blood laboratory test and urine analysis, also improved. Conclusion: The results suggest that herbal medicine (i.e., Paljung-san) may be effective for treating catheter-associated urinary tract infections.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2023

Objectives: The study was designed to evaluate anti-arthritic activity of Ajmodadi Churna (AC) and its effect on Complete freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in Wistar rats. Methods: Arthritis was induced by injecting 0.2 mL CFA into sub plantar surface of left hind paw. Test sample AC-1 and AC-2, 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively was given to the animals for 21 consecutive days. The increase in swelling was observed after induction of arthritis. The paw edema was measured on 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 day using Vernier caliper after the induction of arthritis. The collected blood samples further used for the estimation of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR), and hemoglobin (Hb), using hematology analyzer. Serum concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α were also measured using rat ELISA kits. Results: Results showed that a significant reduction in paw edema was observed in AC-2 treated rats. The paw edema was restored on day 21 was 4.48 mm for AC-2, which is near to the control group. The arthritis score in treated rats was found to be considerably lower than in the control group i.e. 0.83 for AC-2 and 1.50 for AC-1. A decrease in levels of RBC and hemoglobin were observed in arthritic rats. Inflammation was significantly reduced and serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were lowered after treatment with the test drug. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that AC possess significant anti-arthritic activity. Furthermore, this condition was linked to a reduction in abnormal humoral immune responses.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.11-50
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• 2023

As the field of interventional pain management (IPM) grows, the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) is increasing. SSI is defined as an infection of the incision or organ/space that occurs within one month after operation or three months after implantation. It is also common to find patients with suspected infection in an outpatient clinic. The most frequent IPM procedures are performed in the spine. Even though primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis via hematogenous spread is the most common type among spinal infections, secondary spinal infections from direct inoculation should be monitored after IPM procedures. Various preventive guidelines for SSI have been published. Cefazolin, followed by vancomycin, is the most commonly used surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in IPM. Diagnosis of SSI is confirmed by purulent discharge, isolation of causative organisms, pain/tenderness, swelling, redness, or heat, or diagnosis by a surgeon or attending physician. Inflammatory markers include traditional (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count) and novel (procalcitonin, serum amyloid A, and presepsin) markers. Empirical antibiotic therapy is defined as the initial administration of antibiotics within at least 24 hours prior to the results of blood culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Definitive antibiotic therapy is initiated based on the above culture and testing. Combination antibiotic therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria infections appears to be superior to monotherapy in mortality with the risk of increasing antibiotic resistance rates. The never-ending war between bacterial resistance and new antibiotics is continuing. This article reviews prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infection in pain medicine.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.643-650
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• 2014

본 연구는 중년여성을 대상으로 8주간 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취를 통하여 심혈관 질환의 위험요인인 염증지표에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 40-50대의 경기도 A시에 거주하는 심혈관 질환 및 대사성 질환이 없고 규칙적으로 운동에 참여한 경험이 없는 신체적으로 건강한 사람을 대상으로 아사이베리 섭취그룹(AB), 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취그룹(WE+AB), 걷기운동그룹(WE)으로 구분하여 걷기운동은 8주, 주 3회, 일일 60분간 실시하고 아사이베리 섭취는 8주, 매일 아침, 저녁 식사 전 5g을 100㎖의 물과 함께 희석시켜 섭취하고 8주 전 후 심혈관 질환의 위험요소인 염증지표를 살펴보였다. 그 결과 아사이베리 섭취그룹, 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취그룹, 걷기운동그룹의 염증지표 변인인 WBC(white blood cell), Albumin, ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate), CRP(C-reactive protein)에서 긍정적인 향상을 보였으며 Albumin에서만 유의하게 감소하였다. 따라서 8주간 걷기운동과 아사이베리 섭취를 통하여 심혈관질환의 위험요소인 염증지표를 개선하기에는 다소 기간이 부족하다고 사료되며 향후 염증지표의 개선의 효과를 위해서는 8주 이상의 장기간 운동과 아사이베리 섭취에 대한 추후 연구와 운동방법, 강도 및 섭취량 등의 다양한 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2023

Objectives: Suspending bisphosphonates (BPs) to reduce the risk and severity of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) remains controversial. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the clinical significance of BP suspension before surgery in osteoporosis patients with MRONJ. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 24 osteoporosis patients with MRONJ who were treated from 2012 to 2020 at Seoul National University Dental Hospital and compared the treatment outcomes of those who suspended BPs with those who did not. The number of surgical interventions, follow-up panoramic radiographs for relative bone density measurement, and laboratory blood tests including white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, absolute neutrophil count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and alkaline phosphatase were analyzed. ANOVA, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare results. Fisher's exact test was used to discover the association between treatment outcome and BP suspension, and Pearson's correlation test was used to measure the statistical relationship between the changes in serum inflammatory markers. Results: The number of interventions was significantly higher in the non-drug suspension group due to recurrence (P<0.05). The relative bone density in patients who suspended BPs was significantly different over time (P<0.05), with the highest density at one-year follow-up. Fisher's exact test shows an association between successful treatment outcomes and BP suspension. The alkaline phosphatase and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels decreased significantly in the BP-suspended group, and a positive correlation was found between these elevated markers. Conclusion: A significant increase in bone density throughout follow-up and a lower number of interventions were found in the BP suspension group compared to the non-drug suspension group. Also, BP suspension decreased inflammatory markers in the serum after surgery, resulting in good treatment outcomes. BP suspension is a prognostic factor for MRONJ and should be implemented before surgery.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study is that we evaluate the change of the White Blood Cell(WBC) count, Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C-reactive Protein (CRP) values, and try to make standardization for postoperative sequels before and after the oral cancer resection and reconstructive surgery. Materials and Methods: The study was comprised of 34 patients (male 15, female 19) who were diagnosed as an oral cancer and had performed ablation and reconstructive surgery at Dankook university dental hos-pital. Each blood specimen was collected from patients and estimated WBC count, Neutrophil count, ESR, CRP on first, third, fifth, seventh day efore and after surgery and analyzing inter relationship between each value. Classifying Group I (resection with reconstructive surgery patients) and Group II (resection without reconstructive surgery patients). Also classifying group A (below 4 hours of operation time), Group B (4 to 8 hours of operation time), Group C (above 8 hours of operation time), each group was analyzed and compared. The Following results were induced. Results: (1) In coefficient of correlation, the CRP and WBC has highest value except WBC count and Neutrophil count. (2) There was no significant difference any lapse in the progress between Group I and II of WBC count, Neutrophil count, but the CRP shows statistically higher level in group I than group II at immediate postoperative day, and 1 to 5 days after surgery. (3) There is no significant difference any lapse in the progress between Group A, B, C of WBC count, Neutrophil count, but CRP shows statistically significant difference in 1 day, 3 days after surgery Conclusion: It should be suggested that, determination of CRP is most valuable parameter for postopera-tive management and determination of postoperative clinical changes than other parameter such as WBC count, neutrophil count, and ESR values in oral cancer patient after resection and reconstructive surgery, based on the results of this study.