• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 1989

This study investigated the effect of changing position from supine to standing upright on the circulation of young men and women. Healthy men and women ranging from age of 18 to 24 were examined. Two minutes before standing, the baseline heart rate and blood pressure were measured. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. Differences in heart rate and blood pressure between supine and standing upright position were evaluated. The results were summarized as follows : 1. Heart rate increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. 2. Systolic blood pressure increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 4 minutes after standing upright. 3. Diastolic and mean blood pressure increased significantly immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright. 4. Pulse pressure immediately and at every minute for 10 minutes after standing upright was significantly narrower than that of supine position. 5. There was no significant difference of heart rate between men and women after standing upright. 6. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of men after standing upright was significantly greater than those of women. From these results, it may be concluded that heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure and pulse pressure increase after standing upright, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men is greater than those of women after standing upright.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to confirm that regular physical exercise habit and calcium intake play a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly to confirm that regular exercise is important in reducing serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women. Subjects were classified into regular exercise group(more than 3 times/wk, more than 30 min per exercise) and non-regular exercise group. A convenient frequency method was used to assess the nutritional intake of subjects. Anthropometric measurement such as body weight and height, and blood pressure were measured. There was no significant difference between non-regular exercise group and regular exercise group in energy intake and calcium intake. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in non-regular exercise group were significantly higher than those in regular exercise group. There were no significant correlations between age or weight with blood lipids and blood pressure in regular exercise group, while there were significant positive correlations between age or weight with blood lipids and blood pressure in non-regular exercise group. The levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure and atherogenic index increased with age in non-regular exercise women. The blood pressure in low total Ca intake/plant Ca intake ratio group was significantly higher than that in high total Ca intake/plant Ca intake ratio group. There was a highly significant positive correlation between Ca intake and HDL-cholesterol in non-regular exercise women. And, there was a highly significant negative correlation between Ca intake and blood pressure in regular exercise women. The results suggest that increased habitual physical activity and calcium intake should be recommended by way of decreasing blood lipids and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 417∼425, 2001)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.256-269
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of variables which were known to be related to blood pressure for discriminating between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Variables were obesity, serum lipids, life style-related variables such as smoking, alcohol, exercise, and stress, and demographic variables such as age, economical status, and education. The data were collected from 400 male clients who visited one university hospital located in Incheon, Republic of Korea, from May 1996 to December 1996 for a regular physical examination. Variables which showed significance for discriminating systolic blood pressure in this study were age, serum lipids, education, HDL, exercise, total cholesterol, body fat percent, alcohol, stress, and smoking(in order of significance). By using the combination of these variables, the possibility of proper prediction for a high-systolic pressure group was 2%, predicting a normal-systolic pressure group was 70.3%, and total Hit Ratio was 70%. Variables which showed significance for discriminating diastolic blood pressure were exercise, triglyceride, alcohol, smoking, economical status, age, and BMI (in order of significance). By using the combination of these variables, the possibility of proper prediction for a high-diastolic pressure group was 71.2%, predicting a normal-diastolic pressure group was 71.3%, and total Hit Ratio was 71.3%. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the association of systolic blood pressure with life style-related variables after adjustment for obesity, serum lipids, and demographic variables. First, the effect of demographic variable alone on the systolic blood pressure was statistically significant (p=.000) and adjusted $R^2$was 0.09. Adding the variable obesity on demographic variables resulted in raising adjusted $R^2$to 0.11 (p=.000) : therefore, the contribution rate of obesity on the systolic blood pressure was 2.0%. On the next step, adding the variable serum lipids on the obesity and demographic variables resulted in raising adjusted R2 to 0.12(P=.000) : therefore, the contribution rate of serum lipid on the systolic pressure was 1.0%. Finally, adding life style-related variables on all other variables resulted in raising the adjusted $R^2$to 0.18(p=.000) ; therefore, the contribution rate of life style-related variables on the systolic blood pressure after adjustment for obesity, serum lipids, and demographic variables was 6.0%. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to examine the association of diastolic blood pressure with life style-related variables after adjustment for obesity, serum lipids, and demographic variables. First, the effect of demographic variable alone on the diastolic blood pressure was statistically significant (p=.01) and adjusted $R^2$was 0.03. Adding the variable obesity on demographic variables resulted in raising adjusted $R^2$to 0.06 (p=.000) ; therefore, the contribution rate of obesity on the diastolic blood pressure was 3.0%. On the next step, adding the variable serum lipids on the obesity and demographic variables resulted in raising the adjusted $R^2$ to 0.09(p=.000) ; therefore, the contribution rate of serum lipid on the diastolic pressure was 3.0%. Finally, adding life style-related variables on all other variables resulted in raising the adjusted $R^2$ to 0.12 (p=.000) : therefore, the contribution rate of life style-related variables on the systolic blood pressure after adjustment for obesity, serum lipids, and demographic variables was 3.0%.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to test the effect of the 12 weeks brisk walking exercise program on body composition, blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid for middle-aged woman with obesity. Method: The subject were 25 obese women in 40-64 yr old who were composed of over 30% body fat. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, paired t-test were used for statical analysis with SPSS 15.0. Result: The results were summarized as follows: first, the body weight, body mass index (BMI), % body fat of the obese woman were significantly decreased after implementing the 12 weeks brisk walking exercise program (p<.5). Second, the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose were significantly decreased after the 12 weeks brisk walking exercise program (p<.5). Third, the serum cholesterol was significantly decreased (p<.05) but serum triglyceride was not significantly decreased the after 12 weeks brisk walking exercise program. Conclusion: These results suggest that the brisk walking exercise program has an effect on decreasing body weight, BMI, percent body fat, blood pressure and serum cholesterol in middle-aged woman with obesity to reduce obesity and prevent chronic disease.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim of the study was to investigate the antihypertensive effect of Gyeok pal sang saeng Yeok chim Acupuncture in hypertensive patients. Methods : We measured the blood pressure of the patients who were admitted in the Oriental Medical Clinic of Brother from 13th February 2006 to 13th May 2006. We included the patients only in case of the systolic blood pressure was over 120mmHg or diastolic blood pressure was over 80mmHg, thirty patients were treated by Gyeok pal sang saeng Yeok chim Acupuncture. In order to evaluate the effect of the Gyeok pal sang saeng Yeok chim Acupuncture, the blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after Acupuncture procedure total 10 times. Results : There were significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure and significant decrease in the diastolic blood pressure treated by Gyeok pal sang saeng Yeok chim Acupuncture 10 times but pulse rate was not significantly decreased. The effect of Gyeok pal sang saeng Yeok chim Acupuncture by measurement time on blood pressure were follows: In a systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure was gradually deceased significantly from 1st to 10th but pulse rate was not significantly decreased. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gyeok pal sang saeng Yeok chim Acupuncture is effective in decreasing the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.513-525
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• 1999

Objectives : High-normal blood pressure' is a factor influencing decision to initiate targeted intensive intervention strategy in westernized populations. JNC-VI offered the vigorous lifestyle modification for persons with 'high-normal blood pressure', who could be early detected. As a hypertension seems to be the result of multiple genetic factors operating in concert with associated environmental factors, it will be necessary to identify the high-normal blood pressure as a risk factor of hypertension for applying primary prevention strategy in Korean people. Methods : Although cohort study design might be adequate to recruit incidence cases, to keep time sequence of events, and to prevent information bias, nested case-control study was chosen for avoiding measurement errors because hypertension is a benign disease. Source population was the 'Seoul Cohort' participants and follow-up was done by using Korea Medical Insurance Corporation's database on the utilization of health services from 1 Jan93 to 30Jun97. Incidence cases were ascertained through the chart review, telephone contacts, and direct blood pressure measurements. Controls included the pairing of 4 individuals to each case on the basis of age. Results : As 75% of 247 incident cases had high-normal blood pressure, the crude odds ratio for hypertension was 2.04 (95% CI 1.47-2.83). Another statistically significant risk factors of hypertension were body mass index, dietary fiber, alcohol consumption, weekly activity and history of quitting smoking. The multivariate odds ratio of high-normal blood pressure adjusted for all risk factors was 1.84 (95% CI 1.31-2.56). Among high-normal blood pressure group, body mass index, weekly ethanol amounts, weekly physical activity, and dietary fiber except history of quitting smoking were still risk factors of hypertension. Conclusion : 'High-normal blood pressure' is a risk factor for hypertension in Korean middle-aged men, which represents that the vigorous lifestyle modification for persons with 'high-normal blood pressure' is need.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.27-40
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of pressing at Kyeun-Jung$(G_{21})$, Gok-Ji$(LI_{11})$ and Zok-Sam-Li$(S_{36})$ with Si-acupuncture on the decreasing of blood pressure and headache on the stroke patients. Methods : This study was one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The subjects of this study were 30 patients who were hospitalized in stroke center of hospital located in Ulsan from September 27, to November 12, 2004. They had over 160/90mmHg blood pressure but didn't take any hypotensive drugs. The instruments were the Si-acupuncture. the blood pressure and headache scale using Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). Results : 1. With administration of Si-acupuncture, the blood pressure intensity decreased statistical significantly(systolic blood pressure: t=13.310, p=0.000, diastolic blood pressure: t=11.788, p=0.000). After 30 minutes with administration of Si-acupuncture, the blood pressure intensity decreased statistical significantly(systolic blood pressure: t=15.130, p=0.000, diastolic blood pressure: t=12.479, p=0.000). 2. With administration of Si-acupuncture, the headache intensity not decreased statistical significantly'(t=0.372, p=0.712). After 30 minutes with administration of Si-acupuncture, the headache intensity decreased statistical significantly'(t=7.370, p=0.000) Conclusion : According to above, it was verified that the pressing at Kyeun-Jung, Gok-Ji and Zok-Sam-Li with Si-acupuncture was effective in decreasing of blood pressure and headache on the stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.37-50
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim of the study was to investigate the antihypertensive effect of Hwang-gu Acupuncture in hypertensive patients. Methods : We measured the blood pressure of the patients who were admitted in the Oriental Medical Clinic of Brother from 25th November 2005 to 27th March 2006. We included the patients only in case of the systolic blood pressure was over 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure was over 90mmHg, Twenty two patients were treated by Hwang-gu Acupuncture. In order to evaluate the effect of the Hwang-gu Acupuncture, the blood pressure was measured before and after Acupuncture procedure total 4 times, 10times. Results : There were a significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure and significant decrease in the diastolic blood pressure by Hwang-gu Acupuncture 4 times. The effect of Hwang-gu Acupuncture by measurement time on blood pressure were follows: In a systolic blood pressure was gradually deceased significantly from 1st to 4th but diastolic blood pressure was significantly decreased after 2nd and 4th only. Conclusions : These results suggest that Hwang-gu Acupuncture is effective in decreasing the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.222-226
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• 2006

Smoking of tobacco cigarettes is associated with a rise in blood pressure together with increase in heart rate. This study was aimed to examine the acute effect of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on the blood pressure and heart rate by randomized crossover study. In the results, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate changes after smoking were significantly different between male and female group. Blood pressure and heart rate were elevated after smoking, but statistical significance for the difference was identified only in the female group. Because Non-tobacco smoke made from leaves of E. ulmoides has no nicotine, its effect on blood pressure and heart rate was negligible. Remarkable difference of heart rate changes in women was observed between tobacco cigarette smoking group and non-tobacco cigarette smoking group.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.611-612
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• 2018

$C1q/TNF-{\alpha}-Related$ Protein 1 (CTRP1) has recently been shown to act as a blood pressure regulator, as it induces vasoconstriction. In the aorta, CTRP1 facilitates recruitment of angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R) to plasma membrane, through activation of the AKT/AS160 signaling pathway. This leads to activation of the Ras homolog gene family (Rho)/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway, resulting in vasoconstriction. Accordingly, mice overexpressing Ctrp1 have hypertensive phenotype. Patients with hypertension also display higher circulating CTRP1 levels, compared to healthy individuals, indicating that excessive CTRP1 may affect development of hypertension. Conversely, CTRP1 is regarded as an 'innate blood pressure modulator' because CTRP1 increases blood pressure under dehydration to prevent hypotension. Mice lacking Ctrp1 fail to maintain normotension under dehydration conditions, resulting in hypotension, suggesting that CTRP1 is an essential protein for maintaining blood pressure homeostasis. In conclusion, CTRP1 is a novel, anti-hypotensive vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure during dehydration-induced hypotension.