• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.371-376
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• 2000

In this study, the computational method is presented to simulate the hemodynamics of the patients after the Fontan procedure. The short-term feedback control models are implemented to assess the hemodynamic responses of the patients exposed to the stresses such as gravitational effect or hemorrhage. To construct the base line of the Fontan model, we assume an increase in venous tone, in heart rates, and in systemic resistance that are based on the clinical observations. For the verification of the present method we simulate the LBNP (lower body negative pressure) test for the normal and the Fontan model and we compare these with experimental data. Computational results show that the diastolic ABP(arterial blood pressure) increases but the systolic ABP decreases during LBNP. The increase in heart rate is due to the control system activated by the decreased mean ABP and CVP(central venous pressure). In case of the Fontan model, the increased venous tone is the reason of the diminished CVP change during LBNP. We also simulate 20% hemorrhage stress to the patient after the Fontan procedure and these results are compared with the experimental and the existing computational one. Computational results on the hemodynamics of patients after the Fontan procedure show that the mean ABP and cardiac output decrease. Heart rate and systemic resistance increase to compensate for the decrease in ABP. The sensitivity analysis according to the conduit resistance is also presented to delineate the effects of the local blood flow resistance. The cardiac output decreases according to the increase of the conduit resistance. The 50% increase in the conduit resistance causes about 3% decrease of cardiac output.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1974

This study was carried out to observe the direct effect of hydrocortisone on renal function by infusing it into a renal artery. Hydrocortisone (5mg/kg) or saline (0.5 ml/kg) was infused directly into the left renal artery of the rabbit, the right kidney was left intact to serve as a control for general action of acetazolamide (10 mg/kg) or aminophylline (10 mg/kg), which was administered intravenously 30 minutes after the direct infusion of pretreated drugs (hydrocortisone or saline). The changes of urine volume, pH, urinary excretion rates of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$, and the clearances of inulin and PAH were measured at an interval of 10 minutes for half an hour after the direct infusion of hydrocortisone or saline, and for one hour after intravenous administration of acetazolamide or aminophylline. The results of the experiment were as follows: 1. Significant changes in urine volume and urinary electrolytes (excreted rates of $Na^+,\;K^+\;and\;Cl^-$) were observed in the hydrocortisone-infused group 10 minutes after the administration of acetazolamide, compared with the saline-infused group. Especially, the effect was more potent on the infused (left) side than on the contralateral (right) side. 2. Significant changes in urine volume and urinary electrolytes were also observed in all the aminophylline-treated groups, but no remarkable difference was noticed between the hydrocortisone-infused group and the saline-infused group, nor between the left and right sides. 3. No signicant changes in the clearances of inulin and PAH were in the infused (left) side of all the experimental groups, as compared with the contralateral (right) side. From the above results, it is obvious that hydrocortisone infused into a renal artery exerts diuretic action when administered in combination with acetazolamide, and the mechanism of action rests not on its hemodynamic change for renal blood flow, but on the potentiation of carbonic anhydrase inhibiting action. However, the exact mode of action remains yet to be clarified.

• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.40-50
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• 2016

Purpose: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has become the preferred dialysis method to support critically ill children and neonates with acute kidney injury. Using CRRT on neonates has increased, but reports about experience are limited. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical application, outcomes, and complications of CRRT in children and neonates. Methods: A retrospective review was performed in 135 children and 36 neonates who underwent CRRT at a tertiary hospital from 2008 to 2015. Results: At the initiation of CRRT, the median age of children was 72 months and the corrected age of neonates was 37.1 weeks. Median body weight of neonates was 3.2 kg. In neonates, initial degree of fluid overload [FO%], blood flow rate [BFR] and ultrafiltration rate [UFR] rate during CRRT were higher than in children. Median real time of CRRT was 90.5 and 53.5 hours in children and neonates, respectively. Downtime of CRRT was 0.7 and 1.3 hours/day. Median mortality rates (44.4% vs.47.2%) and complication rates were similar between the groups. Conclusion: CRRT can be used for a wide range of critically ill children and neonates. Different application methods of CRRT can contribute to increased survival of neonates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.295-306
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• 2007

The growth and health of the fetus and neonate are directly influenced by the nutritional and physiological status of sows. Sows are often under catabolic conditions due to restrict feeding program during pregnancy and low voluntary feed intake during lactation. The current restrict feeding program, which aims at controlling energy intake during gestation, results in an inadequate supply of dietary protein for fetal and mammary gland growth. Low voluntary feed intake during lactation also causes massive maternal tissue mobilization. Provision of amino acids and fatty acids with specific functions may enhance the performance of pregnant and lactating sows by modulating key metabolic pathways. These nutrients include arginine, branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, tryptophan, proline, conjugated linoleic acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, which can enhance conception rates, embryogenesis, blood flow, antioxidant activity, appetite, translation initiation for protein synthesis, immune cell proliferation, and intestinal development. The outcome is to improve sow reproductive performance as well as fetal and neonatal growth and health. Dietary supplementation with functional amino acids and fatty acids holds great promise in optimizing nutrition, health, and production performance of sows and piglets. (Supported by funds from Texas Tech, USDA, NLRI-RDA-Korea, and China NSF).

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2007

During the past decade, many salivary parameters have been used to characterize disease states. Ghrelin (GAH) is recently-discovered peptide hormone secreted mainly from the stomach but also produced in a number of other tissues including salivary glands. The aim of this work was to examine the relationship between active (aGAH) and inactive (dGAH) ghrelin in the saliva and other salivary parameters in type II diabetic patients and healthy controls. Salivary parameters were assessed in a single measurement of unstimulated whole saliva from 20 obese and 20 non-obese type II diabetes patients, and in 22 healthy controls. Total protein and alpha-amylase were determined by colorimetric methods, and glucose by the glucose-oxidase method. Saliva aGAH and dGAH levels were measured using a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit. Salivary concentrations of aGAH and dGAH ghrelin were more markedly decreased in obese diabetic subjects than in the two other groups. Glucose and alpha-amylase levels were higher in diabetic subjects than in controls. Furthermore, there were correlations between GAH levels and BMI, and between GAH and blood pressure. However, there was no marked variability in saliva flow rates among the groups. These results indicate that measurement of salivary GAH and its relationship to other salivary parameters might help to provide insight into the role of ghrelin in diabetes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.445-468
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• 2000

Background: Retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) is currently used for brain protection during aorta surgery, however, for the safety of it, various data published so far are insufficient. We performed RCP using pig and investiaged various parameters of cerebral metabolism and brain injury after RCP under deep hypothermia. Material and Method: We used two experimental groups: in group I(7 pigs, 20 kg), we performed RCP for 120 minutes and in group II (5 pigs, 20 kg), we did it for 90 minutes. Nasopharyngeal temperature, jugular venous oxygen saturation, electroencephalogram were continuously monitored, and we checked the parameters of cerebral metabolism, histological changes and serum levels of neuron-specific enolose(NSE) and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH). Central venous pressure during RCP was mainained in the range of 25 to 30 mmHg. Result: Perfusion flow rates(ml/min) during RCP were 130$\pm$57.7(30 minutes), 108.6$\pm$55.2(60 minutes), 107.1$\pm$58.8(90 minutes), 98.6$\pm$58.7(120 minutes) in group I and 72$\pm$11.0(30 minutes), 72$\pm$11.0(60 minutes), 74$\pm$11.4(90 minutes) in group II. The ratios of drain flow to perfusion flow were 0.18(30 minutes), 0.19(60 minutes), 0.17(90 minutes), 0.16(120 minutes) in group I and 0.21, 0.20, 0.17 in group II. Oxygen consumptions(ml/min) during RCP were 1.80$\pm$1.37(30 minutes), 1.72$\pm$1.23(60 minutes), 1.38$\pm$0.82(90 minutes), 1.18$\pm$0.67(120 minutes) in group I and 1.56$\pm$0.28(30 minutes), 1.25$\pm$0.28(60 minutes), 1.13$\pm$0.26(90 minutes). We could observe an decreasing tendency of oxygen consumption after 90 minutes of RCP in group I. Cerebrovascular resistance(dynes.sec.cm-5) during RCP in group I incrased from 71370.9$\pm$369145.5 to 83920.9$\pm$49949.0 after the time frame of 90 minutes(p<0.05). Lactate(mg/min) appeared after 30 minutes of RCP and the levels were 0.15$\pm$0.07(30 minutes), 0.18$\pm$0.10(60 minutes), 0.19$\pm$0.19(90 minutes), 0.18$\pm$0.10(120 minutes) in group I and 0.13$\pm$0.09(30 minutes), 0.19$\pm$0.03(60 minutes), 0.29$\pm$0.11(90 minutes) in group II. Glucose utilization, exudation of carbon dioxide, differences of cerebral tissue acidosis between perfusion blood and drain blood were maintained constantly during RCP. Oxygen saturation levels(%) in drain blood during RCP were 22.9$\pm$4.4(30 minutes), 19.2$\pm$4.5(60 minutes), 17.7$\pm$2.8(90 minutes), 14.9$\pm$2.8(120 minutes) in group I and 21.3$\pm$8.6(30 minutes), 20.8$\pm$17.6(60 minutes), 21.1$\pm$12.1(90 minutes) in group II. There were no significant changes in cerebral metabolic parameters between two groups. Differences in serum levels of NSE and LDH between perfusion blood and drain blood during RCP showed no statistical significance. Serum levels of NSE and LDH after resuming of cardipulmonary bypass decreased to the level before RCP. Brain water contents were 0.73$\pm$0.03 in group I and 0.69$\pm$0.06 in group II and were higher than those of the controls(p<0.05). The light microscopic findings of cerebral neocortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus(CA1 region) and cerebellum showed no evidence of cerebral injury in two groups and there were no different electron microscopy in both groups(neocortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus), but they were thought to be reversible findings. Conclusion: Although we did not proceed this study after survival of pigs, we could perform the RCP successfully for 120 minutes with minimal cerebral metabolism and no evidence of irreversible brain damage. The results of NSE and LDH during and after RCP should be reevaluated with survival data.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.251-270
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• 1998

The effects of Gamigunshimtang on the isolated perfused ischemic heart in rats, heart rates, left ventricular pressure, cardiac blood flow and cardiotoxicity were stu.died in H9C2 myoblast cell, myocardial slice culture The results were as follows: 1. The administration of Gamigunshimtang to the rat recovered effectively heart rate, left ventricular pressure and flow rate from the experimental ischemia in perfused rat heart. The release of lactic dehydrogenase after the ischemia also decreased compared to the control group. 2. The administration of Gamigunshimtang to H9C2 myoblast culture enhanced the cell proliferation and protected against doxorubicin and allylamine induced release of the lactic dehydrogenase into the culture medium. It also protected effectively against doxorubicin and allylamine induced decrease of Ca ATPase activity and the increase of NADPH-cytochrome C reductase activity in the microsome. 3. The administration of Gamigunshimtang to the rat myocardial slice culture protected effectively against doxorubicin and allylamine induced decreases of protein synthesis and ATP content, and increases of cvtosolic enzyme, creatin kinase into the medium and lipid peroxidation.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.76-89
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• 2001

OMH which is known for its properties of recruiting vitality, is composed of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and Sesamum indicum DC.. This formula is known to possess the properties of recruiting vitality, blackening white hair and expanding life span. 16-week-old SD-Rats were treated with OMH for 16 days. After 24 hours, the rats were treated with MTX(Mthotrexate is oral administrated for 4 days(1mg/kg/day), in order to lower immunity. Then, These rats were classified in to groups, the N-16 group(not specially tested), the Control group(MTX), the OMH-L group(2.5% OMH+MTX)&the OMH-H group(10% OMH+MTX) and 6 rats were assigned to each group. After 18 hours from MTX treatment the organ index of the rats from each group Thymus and Spleen were measured. The percentage of CD+4, CD8+ T cell were measured and compared by flow cytometer. 1) Rats from the OHM-L&OMH-H group showed higher organ indexes of the Thymus and Spleen compared to the rats from the Control Group. This proves that OMH possesses the properties to mitigate degenerations of immunity($F_{thymus}=20.162,\;F_{spleen}=5.882$, ANDVA, p<0.05). 2) The rats from the two OMH groups showed higher rates of CD4+ T cell counts compared to the control group(F=26.906, ANOVA, p<0.05). CD8+ T cell showed lower rates compared to the Control group, but showed no differences within the two OMH groups(F=1.254, ANOYA, p>0.05). CD4+/CD8+ showed higher rates in the two OMH groups compared to the control group which can be thought as a proof that OMH prevents depression of immune response(F=10.554, ANOVA, p<0.05). In this test 16 week-old rats were used, which can be considered as the middle and prime age of the human being. These rats were treated with OMH which ended up showing properties of mitigating degeneration of immune responses and maintaining T-cell rates within the blood. It was possible to study that OMH possesses the properties to increase immune responses.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2019

Purpose: Acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most common types of poisoning and a major health problem worldwide. Treatment options are limited to normobaric oxygen therapy, administered using a non-rebreather face mask or hyperbaric oxygen. Compared to conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC) creates a positive pressure effect through high-flow rates. The purpose of this human pilot study is to determine the effects of HFNC on the rate of CO clearance from the blood, in patients with mild to moderate CO poisoning. Methods: CO-poisoned patients were administered 100% oxygen from HFNC (flow of 60 L/min). The fraction of COHb (fCOHb) was measured at 30-min intervals until it decreased to under 10%, and the half-life time of fCOHb (fCOHb t_1/2) was subsequently determined. Results: At the time of ED arrival, a total of 10 patients had fCOHb levels ≥10%, with 4 patients ranging between 10% and 50%. The mean rate of fCOHb elimination patterns exhibits logarithmic growth curves that initially increase quickly with time (HFNC equation, Y=0.3388*X+11.67). The mean fCOHbt_1/2 in the HFNC group was determined to be 48.5±12.4 minutes. Conclusion: In patients with mild to moderate CO poisoning, oxygen delivered via high flow nasal cannula is a safe and comfortable method to treat acute CO toxicity, and is effective in reducing the COHb half-life. Our results indicate HFNC to be a promising alternative method of delivering oxygen for CO toxicity. Validating the effectiveness of this method will require larger studies with clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.567-575
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• 1998

최근 심장 분야 수술의 발달로 여러 가지 고난도의 심장 수술과 심장 이식술의 시행이 증가하고 있으며, 술 후 예후에 크게 영향을 주는 심장의 심근 손상 방지에 대한 다각적인 연구가 행해지고 있는데, 수술 및 이식 전후의 허혈기와 재관류시 발생할 수 있는 심근 손상을 최소화하고, 술 후 심근 기능의 조속한 회복을 위한 목적으로 여러 약제 및 방법을 제시하고 있다. 한편 한국에서는 오래 전 부터 만병 통치의 영약으로 전해져 오고 있는 인삼을 이용한 동물 실험 및 임상 경험을 통해 성분 효과에 대한 여러 결과가 보고되고 있고, 심장 기능에 대한 효과도 약리학적 측면에서 많은 결과가 발표되었다. 그런데 여러 분획 추출물 중 ginsenoside Rg1 mixtures에 대해서는 그 결과가 다소 미비한 상태이고 ginsenoside Rb1과의 이원 작용에 대한 결과가 흥미로울 것으로 판단되었으며 여러 저자들의 결과에 차이가 있어 ginsenoside Rg1을 이용하여 심근의 허혈 후 재관류 시행 10분 및 지속적 관류 상태에서의 심근 손상에 대한 심근 보호 정도를 혈역학적 지표 및 관상 혈류를 통한 관류액의 효소치를 측정하여 실험한 결과 심근 허혈 및 재관류 후 심근 손상 방지와 심근 기능 회복에 효과가 있다고 판단되며 향후 약제의 투여 용량에 따른 심근 보호 정도에 관한 실험이 필요할 것으로 사료되고, 인삼 성분 각 분획의 복합 투여에 의한 결과도 재차 확인하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.