• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2008

본 시험은 흑염소의 효율적인 사양관리체계의 확립에 기여하기 위하여, 재래흑염소 10두(male)와 교잡흑염소(재래흑염소$\times$호주야생염소 교잡종; 50:50%) 10두(male)를 공시하여, 시판 배합사료와 조사료를 급여하는 관행사료와 TMR 사료를 각각 급여하였을 때, 흑염소의 사료섭취량, 영양소소화율, 질소축적율 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며, 실험기간은 사료 적응기간 14일 예비기간 10일을 거친 후, 14일간의 본 실험 기간을 두어 총 38일간 실시하였다. 결과를 살펴보면 1일 두당 건물의 섭취량은 TMR을 급여한 교잡종이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 품종간에서는 재래종 보다 교잡종지, 사료급여체계간에는 관행구보다 TMR구가 높았다(p<0.05). 일당증체량은 재래종 관행구, 재래종 TMR구, 교잡종 관행구, 교잡종 TMR구의 순으로 유의하게 높아졌다(p<0.05). 건물 소화율은 사료급여체계간에서는 TMR구가 관행구보다 유의하게 높았으며, 품종간에도 교잡종이 재래종 보다 높았다(p<0.05). 질소축적량 및 질소축적율은 교잡종 TMR구가 가장 높았고, 재래종 관행구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 혈중 glucose의 함량과 PUN(plasma urea nitrogen)은 교잡종이 재래종 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하면, TMR 형태의 사료급여가 재래종 보다는 교잡종에 흑염소의 생산성과 사료섭취량, 소화율, 질소축적을 및 혈액성상에 양호한 영향을 나타내어, 효율적인 사양관리체계의 확립과 함께 흑염소 생산농가에 경제적 이득을 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2002

본 실험은 산란노계에서 강제환우가 갑상선, 난소, 부신의 무게 및 이들 기관에서 분비되는 호르몬 수준의 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 시행하였다. 77주령 산란계 360수를 10수씩 36개의 펜에 배치하여 7주간 강제환우를 시행하였다. 사료는 단백질 수준이 16%이며 대사에너지가 2,800kca1/kg 함유된 시판용으로 84주령부터 126주까지 급여하였다. 강제환우전, 산란율 5%, 산란피크 및 실험 종료 시에 각각 36수씩 희생시켜 채혈을 하였으며, 갑상선, 난소, 부신의 무게를 측정하였고 혈청에서 T3, T4, cortisol 및 estradiol 함량을 측정하였다. 갑상선의 무게는 산란율이 5%에 도달하였을 때 제일 높게 나타났다 난소의 무게는 강제환우 후에 현저하게 감소되었지만 그 후에 지속적으로 증대되어 실험 종료 시에 극대화 되었다(P<0.05). 산란율이 5%에 도달한 시기에 혈청의 T3, T4 및 cortisol 수준은 다른 시기에 비하여 높게 나타났지만 실험 종료 시에 제일 낮게 나타났다. 혈청의 estradiol은 산란율이 5%에 도달한 시기에 제일 낮았다. 본 실험에서 강제환우 과정에서 환우의 유기에 주요 역할을 하는 내분비 기관 및 이들 기관에서 분비되는 T3, T4, cortisol, estradiol 수준이 복합적으로 관련될 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.366-371
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• 2010

Twelve Suffolk${\times}$Small-tail-Han male sheep (body weight 21-26 kg), aged four months, were used to study the effects of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I), IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3), GH (growth hormone), insulin and glucagon in plasma, and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues. The sheep were randomly divided into four groups with 3 sheep in each group. The sheep were sustained by total intragastric infusions and four levels of mixed VFA (the molar proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid was 65:25:10), which supplied 333, 378, 423 and 468 KJ energy/kg $W^{0.75}$/d, were infused into the rumen as experimental Treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively. The experiment lasted 12 days, of which the first 8 days were for pretreatment and the last 4 days for collection of samples. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken and then the sheep were slaughtered and tissue samples from the rumen ventral sac, rumen dorsal sac, liver, duodenum and Longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues were analysed. Results showed that the concentration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin or glucagon in plasma and the content of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in the rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver or Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased with VFA infusion level (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in duodenum IGF-I between Treatments I and II and in rumen dorsal sac IGFBP-3 between Treatments II and III (p>0.05). It was concluded that IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver and Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased significantly with increasing level of ruminal infusion of mixed VFA.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1543-1555
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• 2000

Home health care is moving into a set of new realities. An era of competition and cost containment has arrived. Before nurses are able to contain costs or describe the relationship between nursing activities, cost must be accurately measured based on the nurse's workload. Nurses in home health care usually desire to measure expenses for one of three reasons : reimbursement, management, or research. The purpose of the study was to investigate the work input by Registered Nurse in each of the home health care activities by relative value units and identify the factors affecting the nurses' total work input in health care services. To measure the work input by nurses, work was defined by four dimensions: time, physical effort, mental effort, and stress. This study used a descriptive-correlational design. Data collection consisted of two phases. In phase I, data on home health activities performed by nurses were collected. In phase II, data on nurses' time, physical effort, mental effort, and stress in each of home health care activities discovered phase I were collected. In this method, the respondent was asked to rate a service in relation to a reference service using a ratio scale. The sample included 39 home health care nurses. The results of the study indicated that home health care activities performed by the nurses were in 10 categories and 69 items. Measuring the relative work inputs in each of home health care activities, and foley catheterization was selected as the reference to service. In terms of time and physical effort dimensions, full bath service was rated as the most strenuous among 69 activities by the respondents, and intramuscular injection was rated as least. It was found that emergency treatment required the highest mental effort and the highest stress, while blood sugar tests required the lowest mental effort. Approximately 91.3% of the variance in total work input was accounted for by the linear combination of time, physical effort, mental effort judgement, and stress. Examining the regression coefficients of those variables, physical effort, time, and stress were found as the predictors which were significantly associated with the total work of nurses in home health care. Professional nursing's next step in the conundrum of economic volatility is to develop a tool to reflect the interaction of functional deficiency and direct professional nursing care. And this will be a more accurate predictor of nursing resource use and ultimately a great forcaeter cost.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2017

Background: Use of prebiotics in companion animal nutrition is often considered advantageous over probiotics because of the ease of handling, ability to withstand processing and storage etc. While most of the studies on prebiotic use in dogs have been done with processed food as basal diet, the response in relation to homemade diet feeding is not very well explored. Methods: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, immune response and antioxidant indices in dogs. Ten Spitz pups were divided into two groups: control (CON) with no supplementation, and experimental (MOS) wherein the basal diet was supplemented with MOS at 15 g/kg diet. All dogs were fed on a home-prepared diet for a period of 150 days. The study protocol included a digestion trial, periodic blood collection and analysis for lipid profile and erythrocytic antioxidants. Immune response of the animals was assessed towards the end of the feeding period. Results: Results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) variations in palatability score, intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients between the groups. Faecal score, faeces voided, faecal pH, concentrations of ammonia, lactate and short-chain fatty acids were comparable (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Cell-mediated immune response, assessed as delayed-type of hypersensitivity response, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the MOS group. The percent of lymphocyte sub-populations CD4+ and ratio of CD4+:CD8+ were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in MOS group. The serum IgG levels were similar (P > 0.05) in both the groups. Supplementation of MOS lowered (P < 0.05) serum total- and LDL- cholesterol levels, when compared with the control group. The erythrocytic antioxidant indices were similar (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Conclusions: The results indicated that supplementation of MOS at the rate of 15 g/kg in the diet of dog augmented the cell-mediated immune response and serum lipid profile without any influences on digestibility of nutrients, hindgut fermentation and antioxidants indices.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계에 서로 다른 혼합미생물을 급여하여 효과를 구명하고자 실행하였다. 1일령 로스 수컷 400수에 무첨가구인 대조구와 생균제 A와 B를 각각 0.1과 0.2%수준으로 5개처리구 5반복 반복당 16수씩 평사로 5주간 급여하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율을 주간별로 측정하였으며, 실험 종료시에 회장과 맹장의 전체 유산균, 효모균, 살모넬라, 대장균 수를 조사하였다. 혈장의 단백질, 콜레스테롤, ND 백신항체가를 측정하였고, 분에서 발생되는 $CO_2$, NH$_3$. COD를 측정하였다. 증체량은 사육 초기 3주간에 생균제 급여구에서 대조구보다 높은 경향이었으며, 후기 2주간에는 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량은 처리구간에 통계적인 차이가 없었으며, 사료요구율은 생균제 B 처리구에서 다른 처리구보다 유의적으로 개선되었다. 전체 살모넬라 수는 회장에서 일관성이 없었지만 대장균수는 생균제 급여구에서 대조구에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. 분에서 NH$_3$와 $CO_2$ 발생도 생균제 급여구에서 대조구에 비하여 낮았지만 통계적인 차이는 없었으며 계분의 COD는 다른 유해가스의 발생과 동일한 경향을 나타냈다. 혈중 전체 콜레스테롤은 생균제 종류에 관계없이 낮은 경향을 나타냈다. ND백신 항체가는 생균제 급여구에서 높아지는 경향을 나타냈다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.224-233
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• 2012

The limiting sequence and relative ratio of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) for calves about 2 mo of age fed milk replacers (MR) containing soy protein are not clearly defined. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of supplementing MR containing 22% CP, half from soy protein concentrate (SPC, 40.56% CP, flour) and half from whey proteins, with Lys, Met, and Thr to estimate amino acid (AA) sequence and their relative ratio for calves about 2 mo of age. A method of partial deduction of AA was adopted. Twenty-four newborn calves (half males and half females, $40.7{\pm}0.9$ kg of BW) were fed 1 of 4 MR diets for 56 d (n = 6/diet). The diets were supplemented with all (positive control) or with 2 of the 3 AAs: Lys, Met and Thr, (i.e., PC (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Lys (22% CP, 1.64% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.80% Thr), PC-Met (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.50% Met and 1.80% Thr), and PC-Thr (22% CP, 2.34% Lys, 0.72% Met and 1.26% Thr)). Calves were fed thrice daily; starter (20% CP, 1.03% Lys, 0.30% Met and 0.69% Thr), hay (3.23% CP, 0.29% Lys, 0.12% Met and 0.23% Thr) and water were offered free choice. Starter and hay were only offered beginning on d 36 (after 5 wk) and d 43 (after 6 wk), respectively. BW, body size and blood samples measures were taken every two weeks. Three-day total collection of feed refusals, feces, and urine were recorded starting at d 33 and d 54 of age, respectively. From the results, the limiting sequence and relative ratio between the 3 AAs in calves with different diet structures were calculated. The limiting sequence of the 3 AAs were ranked as Lys, Met and Thr; the proper ratio was 100:29:70 for MR-only diet and 100:30:60 for diets consisted of MR, starter and hay. Nitrogen digestion and utilization and nutrient digestibility were negatively affected by AA deletion treatments. From the evidence of this experiment, it did not appear that the AA limiting sequence was selectively altered by differences in diet structures such as would be encountered in practice. The relative ratio between the 3 AAs varied with the offer of starter and hay to calves, and the average ratio was 100:29.5:65 for calves during 2 to 10 wk of age.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.273-280
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• 1988

본 연구는 십이지장내 생리 식염수와 0.01 N HCl을 주입했을때 내측 편도핵의 손상이 췌액 분비와 혈장 secretin 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 44마리의 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하였다. 그 중 21마리의 흰쥐는 뇌정위 고정장치에 의해 내측 편도핵에 삽입된 전극을 통해 양측성으로 내측 편도핵을 파괴한 내측 편도핵 손상군이고, 나머지 23마리는 편도핵의 손상없이 동일한 수술 조작만을 가한 수술 대조군이다. urethan 마취후에 십이지장 근위부에 위치한 관을 통해 십이지장 내강에 0.01 N HCl 또는 생리 식염수(0.9% NaCl)를 0.18ml/min 속도로 주입하면서 20분간 췌액을 채취하였다. 췌액 체취후 복대동맥에서 채혈하여 혈장 secretin농도를 측정하였다. 내측 편도핵 손상군에서 십이지장내 생리 식염수는 물론 0.01 N HCl 주입에 의한 췌액량은 수술 대조군의 것보다 유의하게 감소하였다. 내측 편도핵 손상군의 췌액내 단백질량은 생리 식염수 주입시 수술대조군의 것보다 유의하게 감소하였고, 0.01 N HCI 주입시에는 유의하지는 않지만 감소한 경향을 보였다. 그러나 기초상태 및 염산 자극에 의한 혈장 secretin 농도는 내측 편도핵의 손상에 의하여 아무런 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서 내측 편도핵은 기초 상태 및 염산 자극에 의한 췌액의 분비에 촉진적 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각되나, secretin 분비기전이 이 촉진 영향에 관련되는 것으로는 보이지 않는다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.373-383
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 경로당 여성 노인의 신체적 요인과 자아존중감에 대한 베하스 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위함이다. 본 연구는 대사증후군 위험요인을 한 개 이상 가진 여성노인을 대상으로 베하스 프로그램을 8주간, 주 1회, 1일 1.5시간씩 실시하였다. 자료 수집은 8주 간격으로 총 3회 측정을 하였으며 신체적 요인은 3회(Pretest1, Pretest2, posttest), 자아존중감은 2회(Pretest2, posttest) 하였다. 신체적 요인은 Repeated Measured ANOVA, 자아존중감은 paired t-test를 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과 대상자의 복부둘레, 당화혈색소, 총콜레스테롤, 저밀도지단백 콜레스테롤, 자아존중감에서 유의한 차이를 보여, 베하스 프로그램이 비만 및 혈당 관리, 콜레스테롤 감소, 자아존중감 향상에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 바탕으로 대사증후군이 있는 지역사회 주민의 건강향상을 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요함을 제언한다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.123-135
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• 1999

In order to investigate the effect of salinity on growth and osmoregulation of the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, the fish (post-larva, juvenile, adult) reared in seawater were directly transferred into the experimental rearing water of the different salinities (post-larva : $0\textperthousand$, $5\textperthousand$, $10\textperthousand$, $15\textperthousand$, $20\textperthousand$, $30\textperthousand$. juvenile : $0\textperthousand$, $\10textperthousand$, $20\textperthousand$, $30\textperthousand$. adult : $0\textperthousand$, $15\textperthousand$, $35\textperthousand$, respectively). Fish samples were taken in time courses after transfer for blood and body fluid collection. The changes of sodium, potassium concentration and osmolality of the body fluid and plasma, muscle water content, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) in the experimental fish were observed in time courses. Growth rate of the post-larva in $\5~25\textperthousand$ were faster than in $0\textperthousand$ (P<0.05). Survival rate was very low in $0\textperthousand$ (P<0.05). No fish survived more than 50 days after transferred into $0\textperthousand$. The concentration of sodium, potassium and osmolality in body fluid of the juvenile sweetfish were slightly decreased at 0.25 day after the beginning of the maintainable level of sodium, potassium and osmolality were $36.4\pm6.2 mM/\ell, 47.5\pm0.7 mM/\ell, 366.3\pm19.1 mOsm/kg, respectively. Except potassium concetration, fish in $0\textperthousand$ and $10\textperthousand$ displayed the pattern of hypoosmotic regulation. Growth rate and survival rate of juveniles of $30\textperthousand$ are significantly low than other groups (P＜0.05). The concentration of sodium, potassium and osmolality in plasma of adult sweetfish were slightly decreased at 1 day after the beginning of the maintainable level of sodium, potassium and osmolality were $159.0\pm2.5 mM/\ell, 5.8\pm0.9 mM/\ell, 338.1$\pm13.3 mOsm/kg respectively. Compared with these values, fish in $0\textperthousand$ and $15\textperthousand$ displayed hypoosmotic regultion. Growth and survival rate of adult in $35\textperthousand$ are significantly low than other experimental groups. GSI was the highest in $15\textperthousand$ after 60 days. HSI was the lowest in $35\textperthousand$. With decreased salinities, oxygen consumption was found to be decreased in the other experimental groups compared to the more than $30\textperthousand$.