• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1066-1075
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• 1996

To compare the efficacy of cardiac preservation, we examined purine metabolites during 24 hours of cold storage($0^{\circ}C$) of the Korean ongrel dog hearts after using three different types of cardioplegic solutions. The hypothermic arrest with total cardiopulmonAry bypass method was employed in 51. Thomas solution(575) and blood cardioplegic solution(BCPS) preservation cases. Specimens were analyzed for levels of adenine nucleotides and their precursors by high performance liquid chromatography. The ATP content in the UW(University of Wisconsin) solution group tends to be higher than that of the combined hypothermic arrest group(575 and BCPS groups) after 2,4,8, and 12 hours of preservation respectively, but there were no significant differences between 575 and BCPS groups. The ADP contents in the UWS and BCPS groups were higher than that of the 575 group at 4,8, 12, and 24 hours, but the difference was not statistically significant between UWS and BCPS groups. The AMP contents did not change significantly in the three groups. The adenosine, Inosine, and hypoxanthine concentrations increased progressively, but the lev l of xanthine was very low in the three groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.523-529
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• 2016

An isotope dilution method using $[U-^{13}C]glucose$ and $[1-^{13}C]leucine$ (Leu) was conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw supplemented with urea and molasses (RSUM-diet) on plasma glucose and Leu turnover rates in sheep. Nitrogen (N) balance, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood metabolite concentrations were also determined. Four sheep were fed either mixed hay (MH-diet), or a RSUM-diet with a crossover design for two 21 days period. Feed allowance was computed on the basis of metabolizable energy at maintenance level. The isotope dilution method was performed as the primed-continuous infusion on day 21 of each dietary period. Nitrogen intake was lower (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet and N digestibility did not differ (p = 0.57) between diets. Concentrations of rumen total volatile fatty acids tended to be higher (p = 0.09) for the RSUM-diet than the MH-diet. Acetate concentration in the rumen did not differ (p = 0.38) between diets, whereas propionate concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet. Turnover rates as well as concentrations of plasma glucose and Leu did not differ between diets. It can be concluded that kinetics of plasma glucose and Leu metabolism were comparable between the RSUM-diet and the MH-diet, and rumen fermentation characteristics were improved in sheep fed the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

The adventitious root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is regarded as an efficient alternative to cell culture or hairy root culture for biomass production due to its fast growth and stable metabolite production. To determine optimal culture conditions for the bioreactor culture of ginseng roots, experiments have been conducted on physical and chemical factors such as bioreactor type, dissolved oxygen, gas supply, aeration, medium type, macro- and micro-elements, medium supplement during culture period, sucrose concentration, osmotic agents, medium pH and light. Elicitation is a key step to increase ginsenoside accumulation in the adventitious roots but biomass growth is severely inhibited by elicitor treatment. To obtain high ginsenoside content with avoiding biomass decrease, we applied two-stage bioreactor culture system. Ginseng adventitious roots were cultured for 40 days to maximize biomass increase followed by elicitation for 7 days to enhance ginsenoside accumulation. We also experimented on types and concentrations of jasmonate to determine optimal elicitation methods. In this paper, we discussed several factors affecting the root propagation and ginsenoside accumulation. Based on the results obtained from previous experiments we have established large-scale bioreactor system (1 ton-10 ton) for the efficient production of ginseng adventitious roots and bioactive compounds including ginsenoside. Still, experiments are on going in our laboratory to determine other bioactive compounds having effects on diet, high blood pressure, DPPH elimination and increasing memories.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2018

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder that causes hyperammonemic crisis. CPS1 is the first enzyme encoded by the CPS1 gene, which catalyzes the first step of the urea cycle. In CPS1 deficiency, ammonia, the toxic metabolite produced by the interruption of the urea cycle, is accumulated in the blood and brain, leading to hyperammonemic encephalopathy and irreversible brain damage. Here, we report a fatal case of neonatal-onset CPS1 deficiency in a 4-day-old girl presenting with recurrent seizures, who was revealed to be homozygous for c.1529delG ($p.Gly510Alafs^*5$).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 1992

The influence of phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment (75 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 4 days) on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem (DTZ) and its metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem (DAD), was investigated in rats. DTZ was injected via femoral (3 mg/kg) or portal (10 mg/kg) vein to the control and PB-pretreated rats. DAD was also injected separately via femoral (3 mg/kg) vein to both groups of rats. The intrinsic hepatic plasma clearance of DTZ was found to be significantly increased (6.8-fold) by the PB pretreatment. However, the fraction of an intravenous DTZ dose converted to DAD $(F_mi)$ was only slightly (6%) increased and calculated metabolic rate constant of DTZ to DAD was not affected by the pretreatment. On the other hand, plasma free fraction of DTZ was increased (1.8-fold) from $4.24{\pm}0.25%$ to $7.45{\pm}0.54%$ by the pretreatment. However, the l.8-fold increase in the free fraction of DTZ would not explain the 6.8-fold increase in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ. Therefore, the increase in either the hepatic blood flow or the metabolism other than to DAD was expected as the probable mechanism(s) of the increased hepatic clearance of DTZ. Sequential metabolism of DAD to further metabolites, however, would be a more potential cause of the apparently unchanged metabolism of DTZ to DAD by the PB-pretreatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2015

Background: Gut microflora play a crucial role in the biotransformation of ginsenosides to compound K (CK), which may affect the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Prebiotics, such as NUTRIOSE, could enhance the formation and consequent absorption of CK through the modulation of gut microbial metabolic activities. In this study, the effect of a prebiotic fiber (NUTRIOSE) on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside CK, a bioactive metabolite of ginsenosides, and its mechanism of action were investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given control or NUTRIOSE-containing diets (control diet + NUTRIOSE) for 2 wk, and ginseng extract or vehicle was then orally administered. Blood samples were collected to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CK using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fecal activities that metabolize ginsenoside Rb1 to CK were assayed with fecal specimens or bacteria cultures. Results: When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed with 2.5%, 5%, or 10% NUTRIOSE containing diets, the maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve values of CK significantly increased in a NUTRIOSE content-dependent manner. NUTRIOSE intake increased glycosidase activity and CK formation in rat intestinal contents. The CK-forming activities of intestinal microbiota cultured in vitro were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE. Conclusion: These results show that prebiotic diets, such as NUTRIOSE, may promote the metabolic conversion of ginsenosides to CK and the subsequent absorption of CK in the gastrointestinal tract and may potentiate the pharmacological effects of ginseng.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.513-518
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• 1998

Fluoxetine is a nontricyclic antidepressant which blocks serotonin reuptake selectively. Its N-demethyl metabolite, norfluoxetine is also selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake . This study was carried out to compare the bioavailability of Myung-in fluoxetine (20mg/cap.) with that of Prozac$^{\circde{R}}$. The bioavailability was conducted on 24 healthy volunteers who received a single dose (80mg) of each drug in the fasting state, in a randomized balanced 2-way crossover design. After closing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 48 hours, Plasma was analyzed for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by a sensitive and validated HPLC assay. The major pharmacokinetic parameters ($AUC_{0-48\;hr}$, Cmax, Tmax , $AUC_{inf.}$, MRT. $T_{1/2}$, Vd and Cl) were, calculated from the plasma fluoxetine concentration-time data of each volunteer. The microcomputer program, 'WinNonlin' was used for compartmental analysis. A two-compartment model with first-order input, first-order output and no lag time was chosen as the most appropriate pharmacokinetic model. The data were best described by using a weighting factor of $1/y^2$. Though the plasma fluoxetine concentrations of Myung-in fluoxetine were higher than those of Prozac$^{\circde{R}}$ at all observed time from 7.9% to 16.9% (P<0.05 at 6.7 and 10 hr), the bioavailability of Myung-in fluoxetine appeared to be bioequivalent with that of Prozac$^{\circde{R}}$. There were no statistical significant differences between the two drugs in all pharmacokinetic parameters including $AUC_{0-48\;hr}$ of norfluoxetine.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.265-272
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• 2004

The pharmacokinetics of CKD-732 (6-0-4-[dimethyl-aminoethoxy)cinnamoyl]-fumagillolㆍhemioxalate) was investigated in male SD rats and beagle dogs after bolus intravenous administration. The parent compound and metabolites obtained from in vitro and in vivo samples were determined by LC/MS. The main metabolite was isolated and identified as an N-oxide form of CKD-732 by NMR and LC/MS/MS. CKD-732 was metabolized into either M11 or others by rapid hydroxylation, demethylation, and hydrolysis. The blood level following the intravenous route declined in first-order kinetics with $T_{1}$2/$\beta$ values of 0.72-0.78 h for CKD-732 and 0.92-1.09 h for M11 in rats at a dose of 7.5-30 mg/kg. In dogs, $T_{1}$2/$\beta$ values of CKD-732 and M11 were 1.54 and 1.79 h, respectively. Moreover, AUC values increased dose dependently for CKD-732 and M11 in rats and dogs. The CLtot and Vdss did not change significantly with increasing dose, indicating linear pharmacokinetic patterns. The excretion patterns through the urine, bile, and feces were also examined in the animals. The total amount excreted in urine, bile, and feces was 2.13% for CKD-732 and 1.29% for M11 in rats, and 1.58% for CKD-732 and 2.28% for M11 in dogs.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.322-326
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• 1995

General pharmacology of LB20304, a quinolone antibiotic, were examined in terms of general behaviour, cardiovascular, and central nervous system. LB20304 at oral dose of 2,000 mg/kg did not induce significant behavioural changes in mice. In contrast with ciprofloxacin, LB20304 at dose of 20 mg/kg, iv. did not show any observable effects on the blood pressure in rats. Displacement of [$^3$H]muscimol binding to the rat brain synaptic membranes was measured. LB20304 was shown to be about five times less potent than ciprofloxacin in specific GABA receptor binding. Drug interaction between LB20304 and 4-biphenyl acetic acid, an active metabolite of fenbufen, was assessed in mice by measuring convulsion and/or subsequent death. A single oral pretreatment with 4-BPA at 400 mg/kg increased the incidence of convulsion and death after oral administration of ciprofloxacin at the doses of 25, 50, and 100 from zero of five to three of five, two of five, and four of five, respectively, whereas LB20304 alone or combination with 4-BPA caused neither convulsions nor death at the doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Quinolones-induced epileptogenic activities were assessed by a direct intracerebral injection of test articles. The CD$_{50}$ values (nmole) are as follows; 169.47, 35.36, 105.29, and 88.67 for LB20304, ciprofloxacin, of loxacin, and lomefloxacin, respectively. From these data, LB 20304 at therapeutic doses seems to be much more safe than any other quinolones tested.d.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1128-1136
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary levels of tapioca residue on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Twenty-eight steers were randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups; T0 (0% tapioca residue), T6.7 (6.7% tapioca residue), T9 (9% tapioca residue), and T12 (12% tapioca residue). Results: Supplementation with tapioca residue had no effect on overall growth performance. The concentration of plasma total cholesterol was higher in T6.7 than in other treatments (p<0.05). Dietary levels of tapioca residue did not affect carcass yield or the quality traits of Hanwoo steers. The lightness, redness, and yellowness of the longissimus muscle of Hanwoo steers were higher in T6.7 than in other treatments (p<0.05). Cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience were lower in T6.7 than in other treatments (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that supplementation with tapioca residue does not exert any negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition in Hanwoo steers. However, as the dietary level of tapioca residue increased, the intake of concentrate intake decreased, and tapioca supplementation greater than 6.7% did not substantially improved the marbling score.