• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2014

Objectives: Children are more susceptible to heavy metal toxicity than adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in the blood of Korean preschoolers and investigate the association between metals in blood and related factors. Methods: A total of 512 subjects from 36 to 83 months of age were sampled. A questionnaire survey was performed and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium were measured in the blood samples of all subjects. Their parents were interviewed in order to obtain information on basic characteristics, dietary patterns, socio-economic factors, and indoor/outdoor environment of the preschoolers. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between the above factors and lead, mercury or cadmium concentrations. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in the blood were $1.45{\pm}1.58{\mu}g/dL$, $2.14{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}1.91{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Results from multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were associated with birth weight and paternal smoking status. Daily mercury intake from food and maternal education were also shown to influence mercury concentrations in blood. Also, blood cadmium concentrations were associated with maternal age and having a bus garage near the place of residence. Conclusion: This study suggests that smoking status, dietary patterns and the environmental status near the residence should be considered as important factors for preventable sources of heavy metal exposure in preschoolers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1775-1779
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• 2005

Seventy-two crossbred gilts of approximately 33 kg initial weight were used in this study. The gilts were randomly assigned into three groups. The three dietary treatments were basal diet only (control group), basal diet+10 mg/kg lead, and basal diet+10 mg/kg lead+0.5% particulate montmorillonite (PM). The results showed that the addition of lead to the diet decreased significantly the body weight and feed efficiency, but PM could restore body weight and feed efficiency of gilts compared to the Pb exposure group. There were no significant differences in weights of ovaries and uteri with addition of either lead or PM to the diet. Supplementing the lead in the diet of gilts also significantly increased the concentration of lead in blood, decreased circulating lutenizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E$_2$) levels in serum, the addition of PM to the diet effectively adsorbed and lowered lead concentration in the blood. These data suggested that lead disrupts the signals between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in gilts, and possibly suppressed the secretion of relative growth hormone and sex hormone. On the other hand, PM may ameliorate Pb toxicity in pigs.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.2089-2099
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• 2015

본 연구는 혈중 납, 수은, 카드뮴 농도와 노출 관련 인자와의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구 대상자는 국민건강 영양조사 2009년과 2010년도 40세 이상 90세 미만의 총 2,042명을 대상으로 하였다. 성별에 따른 혈중 납, 수은, 카드뮴 농도와 노출 관련인자와의 관련성과 성별 차이를 분석하였고, 납, 수은, 카드뮴 노출 관련 인자의 혈중 농도를 비교하였다. 분석결과, 연령별 차이는 남성은 수은에서만 나타났고, 여성은 납과 카드뮴에서 나타났다(p<.01). 남성은 체질량지수와 허리둘레별 혈중 수은 농도의 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 고밀도지단백콜레스테롤은 남성의 납에서 이상지질혈증 판정치가 정상보다 높게 나타났고, 저밀도지단백콜레스테롤은 여성의 납에서 이상지질혈증 판정치가 정상보다 높게 나타났다(p<.05). 또한 흡연자가 비흡연자보다 남성의 납과 카드뮴의 혈중 농도가 높게 나타났고(p<.05), 여성은 카드뮴에서만 동일한 결과를 보였다. 음주여부에서도 남성의 음주자가 비음주자보다 혈중 납 농도가 높게 나타났다(p<.05). 가구소득별 수은과 카드뮴의 혈중 농도는 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<.05). 혈중 중금속 농도와 노출관련인자와의 관련성은 연령, 흡연 및 음주, 비만 및 이상지질혈증, 소득수준에서 유의성을 보였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1991

For the purpose of estimating the working environment and the relationship between the airborne lead concentration and the ZPP level in the whole blood of the workers, the airborne lead concentrations and the ZPP level were measured at the 26 plants which deal with lead, from October 5 to November 5 in 1988. Analysis of the airborne lead concentration was performed by NIOSH Method 7082, and the ZPP level was measured by a hematofluorometer. The following results are concluded. 1. The average airborne lead concentration of the lead battery manufactures is 0.025mg/m$^{3}$ and that of the secondary lead smelters is 0.023mg/m$^{3}$. There were no significant differences between industry (p>0.1) 2. At the lead battery manufacture, the process of lead powder production showed the highest concentration of 0.034mg/m$^{3}$ but there were no significant differences among the processes (p>0.1). At the secondary lead smelter, the process of dismantling waste batteries showed the highest concentration 0.141mg/m$^{3}$, and there were very significant differences among the processes (p<0.005). 3. The ZPP level in the whole blood showed significant differences between industry (p<0.10). The average ZPP level of the lead battery manufactures is 133.0 + 106.3 $\mu$g/100ml and that of the secondary lead smelters is 149.6 + 110.9 $\mu$g/100ml. 4. The correlation coefficients between the airborne lead concantration and ZPP level were 0. 426 (p<0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.484 (p<0.001) for the secondary lead smelters. The correlation coefficients between the work duration (in months) and the ZPP level were 0.238 (p<0.001) for the lead battery mannfactures and 0.075 (p>0.10) for the secondary lead smelters. 5. The linear regression equation, with the airborne lead concentration as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=96.84+1300.34X (r=0.448, p<0.001) for the 26 plants which deal with lead. The linear regression equation, with the work duration(in months) as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=127.28 +0.49X (r=0.162, p<0.05). 6. The correlation coefficients between the amount of inhaled lead and ZPP level were 0.349 (p < 0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.318(p<0.001) for the secondary lead smeltes. The linear regression equation for the 26 plants surveyed, with the amount of inhaled lead as an independent variable and ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=123.63+18.82X (r=0. 335, p<0.001).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1983

In order to study the effects of iron and zinc on the lead poisoning of rats, lead with iron and zinc, or lead alone were administered orally to a total of 98 adult rats of Sprague-Dawley Species. The concentrations of lead, zinc, and iron were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer at every 20 days intervals of 20th, 40th, 60th, 80th and 120th day as a final measurement. Those datas were analysed and compared with those of control groups. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The concentration of lead in blood, bone. and liver tissues kept increasing in case of lead exposure group whereas it started decreasing at 60-80th day when concentration of zinc started increasing in case of combined exposure group. However, in kidney tissue, the concentration of lead in combined exposure group kept increasing up to the end of observation showing special high concentration at the final measurement at 120th day. 2. Concentration of zinc in blood and liver tissues had increased from 60-80th day in case of combined exposure group. 3. Concentration of iron in blood showed decreasing from $44.15{\pm}9.67\;to\;32.44{\pm}2.69{\mu}g/ml$ in case of lead exposure group, whereas it showed constant level of $47.50{\sim}45.65{\mu}g/ml$. However, in liver tissue it kept constant as control did from 40th to 60th days, but from 100th day on it started increasing to show much higher concentration than control.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.111-130
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• 1993

고양이에서 납의 중독량을 결정하고 행동과 임상병리학적인 변화를 밝히고, 납 투여용량과 혈중 납농도와의 관계를 규명하기 위하여 42마리의 고양이를 대상으로 체중에 따라 0(대조군), 10, 100(저용량), 1000, 2000, 4000(고용량) ppm의 lead acetate를 경구적으로 투여하여 납독성을 평가하였다. 고투여용량(1000, 2000, 4000ppm)을 투여한 어떤 고양이는 분출성 구토, 활동항진 그리고 발작을 보였다. 모든 실험군에서 성장율은 변화가 없었다. 고양이의 정상 혈중 납농도는 사람, 개 그리고 소의 혈중 납농도 보다 낮았다. 고양이에서 준임상형 납중독의 혈중 납농도는 3~20$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$이었고, 임상형 납중독의 혈중 납농도는 20~l20$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$이었다. Zinc protoporphyrin 농도는 납 투여용량에 비례하였으며 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$ 이상으로 ZPP농도가 유의성 있게 증가하는 경우는 임상형의 납중독을 의미하였다. Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase는 모든 납 투여용량에 역비례 관계를 보였고, 고양이의 납노출에 대한 유용한 진단적 지표로 나타났다. 오줌의 aminolevulinic acid 농도는 대개 납투여용량에 따라서 증가하지만 측정치는 개체에 따라 다양하였다. 피모의 납농도는 납투여용량에 따라 비례적으로 증가하였다. 최소한 고용량에서 납은 PMN세포와 단핵구의 화학주성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 헤모글로빈, 적혈구, 백혈구, 호중구, 임파구, 단핵구 그리고 호산구에서는 투여용량에 대한 반응이 일정하게 관찰되지 않았고 또한 총단백, 혈장단백, BUN그리고 ALT치에서의 용량에 따른 일정한 변화가 없었다. 망상적혈구수는 대부분의 납투여용량수준에서 유의성 있게 증가하지 않았기 때문에 고양이 납중독의 진단적 가치는 거의 없었다. 신경전달속도의 유의성 있는 변화가 없는 것으로 보아 납섭취로 인한 대상성 탈여(Segmental demyelination)는 없는 것으로 생각된다. 고양이의 치사량은 체중 kg당 60~150mg이었다. 납중독 진단에 신뢰할 수 있는 파라미터는 혈중 납농도, ZPP. ALAD 그리고 피모의 납농도이었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.336-346
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• 2009

As a follow-up survey of A Study of Monitoring Method on Exposure Level and Biomarkers of Environmental Pollutants-Focused on Ulsan Industrial Comlpex Area, published in 2005, a close examination of the health status was conducted for selected Ulsan residents. Based on the previous study, a total number of 129 subjects were divided into two groups: the exposure group consisted of 39 residents whose blood levels of lead, mercury and/or cadmium were higher than international reference values, and 90 residents of control group with normal levels. Environmental exposure level and its association with health condition were examined by various methods such as questionnaire, analyses of lead, mercury and cadmium in blood and medical examinations. The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in blood were respectively $2.07{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ (exposure $2.54{\mu}g/d{\ell}$, control $1.90{\mu}g/d{\ell}$), $5.94{\mu}g/L$ (exposure $8.57{\mu}g/L$, control $5.07{\mu}g/L$), $1.32{\mu}g/L$ (exposure $1.30{\mu}g/L$, control $1.33{\mu}g/L$). The concentrations of the three heavy metals in blood showed lower levels than internationally recommended values except for blood mercury. Also, any abnormal or, peculiar disease, or target tissue damage related to the heavy metals was not observed among the all subjects. Therefore, it can be said that no significant difference of heavy metal concentrations and health conditions was found between the two groups.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1994

연폭로자에 있어서 연에 의한 생물학적 영향을 평가하는데는 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량이 아주 좋은 지표로 이용된다. 현재 이것은 Ehrlich's reagent와 ALA-pyrrole의 증색반응으로 측정하는 비색법이 주로 사용된다. 그러나 이 방법은 aminoacetone 같은 ALA 유사물질에 의하여 요중 배설량이 과다하게 측정된다. 한편 최근 개발된 fluorometric HPLC에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량의 분석은 아주 예민하고도 특이적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 혈중연과 다른 연폭로 지표를 측정하여 연폭로 수준이 다른 117명의 피검자에서 비색법과 HPLC 법에 의한 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 측정하여 두 방법 간의 관련성을 조사하기 위하여 시도하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 비색법에 의한 요중의 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량은 HPLC 법에 비하여 전체적으로 2.15배, 혈중연 $20{\mu}g/dl$ 이하에서 2.47배, $21-40{\mu}g/dl$에서 2.53배, $41{\mu}g/dl$ 이상에서는 1.86배 높은 것으로 측정되었다. 2. 비색법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량과 혈중연 및 혈중 ZPP 농도와의 상관은 0.571, 0.629였으며, HPLC 법은 0.610, 0.637로 통계적 유의성이 있었다(p<0.01). 3. 비색법과 HPLC 법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량 간의 상관은 0.848 이었으며, 요비중으로 보정하였을 때는 0.852였으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.01). 4. HPLC 법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 종속변수로 하고 비색버버을 독립변수로 하였을 때 희기방정식은 (ALA-UHP)=-0.245+0.536 (ALA-UCO)(p<0.0001)였으며, 요비중 1.024로 보정하였을 때의 희기방정식은 (SP ALA-UHP)=-0.525+0.599 (SP ALA-UCO)(p<0.0001)였다. 상기와 같은 결과에서 현행 산업안전보건법 시행규칙에서 연중독 진단을 행하는 경우 HPLC로 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 측정한다면 연중독 진단 기준의 개정이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2022

Background: Abandoned metal mines are classified as vulnerable areas with the highest level of soil contamination among risk regions. People living near abandoned metal mines are at increased risk of exposure to toxic metals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between soil contamination levels in areas around abandoned metal mine and the blood lead levels of local residents. Moreover, we assess the possibility of using soil contamination levels as a predictive indicator for human exposure level. Methods: Data from the Survey of Residents around Abandoned Metal Mines (2013~2017, n=4,421) and Investigation of Soil Pollution in Abandoned Metal Mines (2000~2011) were used. A random coefficient model was conducted for estimation of the lower level (micro data) of the local resident unit and the upper level (macro data) of the abandoned metal mine unit. Through a fitted model, the variation of blood lead levels among abandoned metal mines was confirmed and the effect of the operationally defined soil contamination level was estimated. Results: Among the total variation in blood lead levels, the variation between abandoned mines was 18.6%, and the variation determined by the upper-level factors such as soil contamination and water contamination was 8.1%, which was statistically significant respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference in the least square mean of blood lead concentration according to the level of soil contamination (p=0.047, low: 2.32 ㎍/dL, middle: 2.38 ㎍/dL, high: 2.59 ㎍/dL). Conclusions: The blood lead concentration of residents living near abandoned metal mines was significantly correlated with the level of soil contamination. Therefore, in biomonitoring for vulnerable areas, operationally defined soil contamination can be used as a predictor for human exposure level to hazardous substances and discrimination of high-risk abandoned metal mines.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 1997

The study of present study was to determine the valuable laboratory tests for the differential diagnosis of lead poisoning in dogs. Sixteen mongrel dogs were divided into 2 experimental groups (A and B) and a control group (C). The A and B groups were administered orally 2 mg and 20 mg of lead per kilogram of body weight for 49 days, respectively. In addition to clinical observation, blood, urine and hair samples were collected on appointed day and examined for hematological changes, lead content of serum, whole blood and hair, and urinary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid concentrations. All dogs were necropside on 49th day and examined for the lead content and histological changes of organs. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The group B showed digestive and nervous signs, and weight loss. The group A showed no significant hematological changes except polychromatophilla on the 7th day. But group B showed polychromatophilia as well as mild anemia and nucleated erythrocyte on the 7th and 35th day. Basophlic stippling erythrocytes were observed in some of the group B on the 14th day. The lead content of whole blood was increased significantly in both A and B groups on the 21the day. The urinary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid content was increased in both A and B groups on the 7th day. The hair lead content of A and B groups was increased significantly on the 49th and 21th day, respectively. The lead contents of organs including liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and bone were increased significantly in group B. Histopathologic changes were characterized by hemorrhages, necrosis and intranuclear inclusion body in the epithelial cells of convoluted tubles of kidney, cloudy swelling and degeneration and/or necrosis of liver, enlargement of Virchow-Robin space, and swelling of endothelial cells and hyperplasia of the pericytes of brain. From these results it may be concluded that examination of nucleated erythrocyte/polychromatophilia, urinary $\delta$ -aminolevulinic acid, and whole blood and hair lead contents is a reliable clinico-pathological diagnostic methods, and that examination of the Virchow-Robin space, endothelial cells and pericytes of brain as well as intranuclear inclusion body in the epithelial cells of convoluted tubles of kidney is valualble postmortem diagnostic methods for lead poisoning in dogs.