• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.256-263
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• 2021

In this study, blending oils of diesel oil and butanol were used as fuel oil for diesel engine to measure combustion pressure, fuel consumption, air ratio and exhaust gas emission due to various operating conditions such as engine revolution and torque. Using these data, the results of analyzing the engine performance, combustion characteristics and exhaust emission characteristics such as NOx (nitrogen oxides), CO₂ (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide) and soot were as follows. The fuel conversion efficiency at each load was highest when driven in the engine revolution determined by a fixed pitch propeller law. Except 30% butanol blending oil, fuel conversion efficiency of the other fuel oils increased as the load increased. Compared to diesel oil, using 10% and 20% butanol blending oil as fuel oil was advantageous in terms of thermal efficiency, but it did not have a significant impact on the reduction of exhaust gas emissions. On the other hand, future research is needed on the results of the 20% butanol blending oil showing lower or similar levels of smoke concentration and carbon monoxide emission rate other than those types of diesel oil.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2017

Butanol has an ability to improve the ignition quality due to its lower latent heat of vaporization; it has an advantage to reduce a volume of a fuel tank because its energy density is higher than that of ethanol. Also, butanol-diesel oil blending quality is good because butanol has an effect to prevent the phase-separation between two fuels. Even if the blended oil contains water, it can reduce the corrosion of the fuel line. Thus, it is possible to use butanol-diesel oil blended fuel in diesel engine without modification, and it may reduce the environment pollution due to NOx and particulate and the consumption of diesel oil. Therefore, some studies are being advanced whether butanol is adequate as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, and the results of the combustion and exhaust gas emission characteristics are being presented. Though the injection and spray characteristics of butanol are more important in diesel combustion, the has not yet dealt with the matter. In this study, the influence in which differences of physical properties between butanol and diesel oil may affect the injection and spray characteristics such as injection rate, penetration, spray cone angle, spray velocity and process of spray development were examined by using CRDI system, injection rate measuring device and spray visualization system. The results exhibited that the injection and macroscopic spray characteristics of two fuels were nearly the same.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2011

Natural gas is one of the most promising alternatives to gasoline and diesel fuels because of its high thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions, including $CO_2$. Although the high octane value of natural gas increases engine output and efficiency due to the high compression ratio, this fuel is prone to such difficulties as a narrow limit of inflammability and a slow combustion speed in the lean burn operation domain, leading to unstable combustion and higher emissions of harmful exhaust gases. Hydrogen blended with natural gas can extend the lean burn limit while maintaining stable, efficient combustion and achieving lower NOx, hydrocarbon and green house gas emissions. In this study, the effect of hydrogen addition on an engine performance and NOx emission characteristics was investigated in a heavy duty natural gas engine. The results showed that thermal efficiency was increased and NOx emissions were reduced due to the expansion of lean operation range under stable operation. NOx emission can be significantly reduced with the retard of spark advance timing.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2012

The chemical characterization of water-soluble organic carbon in ash emitted from a coal combustion boiler has not been reported yet. A total of 5 ash samples were collected from the outlet of an electrostatic precipitator in a commercial 500 MW coal-fired power plant, with their chemical characteristics investigated. XAD7HP resin was used to quantify the hydrophilic and hydrophobic water-soluble organic carbons (WSOC), which are the fractions of WSOC that penetrate and remain on the resin column, respectively. Calibration results indicate that the hydrophilic fraction includes aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and carbonyls (<4 carbons), amines and saccharides, while the hydrophobic fraction includes aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (>4-5 carbons), phenols, aromatic acids, cyclic acid and humic acid. The average mass of the WSOC in the ash samples was found to depend on the bituminous coal type being burned, and ranged from 163 to 259 ${\mu}g$ C/g of ash, which corresponds to 59-96 mg C of WSOC/kg of coal combusted. The WSOC mass accounted for 0.02-0.03 wt% of the used ash sample mass. Based on the flow rate of flue gas produced from the combustion of the blended coals in the 500 MW coal combustion boiler, it was estimated that the WSOC particles were emitted to the atmosphere at flow rates of 4.6-7.2 g C/hr. The results also indicated that the hydrophilic WSOC fraction in the coal burned accounted for 64-82% of the total WSOC, which was 2-4 times greater than the mass of the hydrophobic WSOC fraction.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.767-772
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• 2023

In this study, combustion experiments were conducted at various engine speeds under full-load conditions using a single-cylinder diesel engine by blending butanol, pentanol, and octanol with diesel at a volume ratio of 10%. Experimental results revealed that higher alcohol-diesel blends resulted in lower brake torque and brake power than pure diesel due to the lower calorific value and the cooling effect during evaporation. An evident improvement in the brake thermal efficiency of the blended fuels was observed at engine speeds below 2,000 rpm, with the butanol blend exhibiting the highest thermal efficiency overall. Furthermore, the brake-specific fuel consumption of the higher alcohol-diesel blends was lower than that of pure diesel at speeds below 2,200 rpm. When using blended fuels, the exhaust gas temperature decreased under lean mixture conditions due to heat loss to the air and the cooling effect from fuel evaporation.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.238-244
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 온도와 압력의 변화에 따른 석유계항공유(Jet A-1), 바이오항공유(Bio-6308) 그리고 두 항공유를 50:50 (v:v)으로 혼합한 연료의 점화특성의 변화에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. Combustion research unit (CRU) 장비를 사용하여 각 항공유의 점화지연시간을 측정하였으며, GC/MS 및 GC/FID를 사용하여 각 항공유를 구성하는 화합물에 대한 정성 및 정량적인 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 모든 연료의 경우에서 온도와 압력이 증가할수록 점화지연시간이 짧게 측정 되었으며, 특히 압력보다 온도의 영향을 더 많이 받는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 모든 측정 조건에서 Jet A-1의 점화지연시간이 가장 길게 측정되었는데 이는 Jet A-1을 약 22.48%의 비율로 구성하는 방향족화합물이 산화되는 과정에서 생성되는 benzyl radical이 구조적으로 매우 안정한 특성을 갖기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 benzyl radical은 negative temperature coefficient (NTC) 구간에 영향을 줄 수 있는 반응을 억제하여, Jet A-1의 경우에서는 온도가 증가함에 따라 점화지연시간이 짧아지는 정도가 감소하는 구간이 없는 것을 확인하였다. Jet A-1과 Bio-6308을 50:50 (v:v)으로 혼합한 연료의 점화특성은 Bio-6308 보다는 Jet A-1과 비슷한 경향을 나타내는 것을 통해 기존의 시스템을 변경하지 않고서도 실제로 적용이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2011

Lean combustion and exhaust emission characteristics in a ethanol fueled spark-ignited engine according to ethanol-gasoline fuel blending ratio were investigated. The test engine was $1591cm^3$ and 10.5 of compression ratio SI engine with 4 cylinders. In addition, lambda sensor system was connected with universal ECU to control the lambda value which is varied from 1.0 to 1.5. The engine performance and lean combustion characteristics such as brake torque, cylinder pressure and rate of heat release were investigated according to ethanol-gasoline fuel blending ratio. Furthermore, the exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were measured by emission analyzers. The results showed that the brake torque, cylinder pressure and the stability of engine operation were increased as ethanol blending ratio is increased. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased in higher ethanol blending ratio while brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was decreased in higher ethanol blending ratio. The exhaust emissions were decreased as ethanol blending ratio is increased under overall experimental conditions, however, some specific exhaust emission characteristics were mainly influenced by lambda value and ethanol-gasoline fuel blending ratio.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2007

This paper investigates the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with neat and blended Shell's gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel, which was derived from natural gas through the Fischer-Tropsch process. The experiments were conducted in a 6-cylinder DI diesel engine with pump timing settings of $6^{\circ},\;9^{\circ}\;and\;12^{\circ}$crank angle before TDC over ECE R49 and US 13-mode cycles separately and compared to a conventional diesel fuel. The results show that GTL exhibited almost the same power and torque output, improved fuel economy and effective thermal efficiency. It was found that GTL displayed lower peak in-cylinder combustion pressure and maximum heat release rate (HRR), the timings of the peak pressure and the maximum HRR were generally delayed, and the combustion durations were almost equivalent for diesel and GTL under the same speed-load condition. The results also indicate that, compared to diesel fuel, GTL blends showed a trend forward decreasing four regulated emissions simultaneously and a higher GTL fraction in blends contributing to further reductions in the emissions. In particular and on average, neat GTL significantly reduced HC, CO, NOx and PM by 16.4%, 17.8%, 18.3% and 32.4%, respectively, for all cases.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2018

최근 환경오염물질의 배출을 감소시킬 수 있는 순환유동층 보일러가 화력발전시설로서 점차 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 순환유동층보일러에서 발생하는 플라이 애시는 낮은 $SiO_2$와 상대적으로 높은 MgO와 $SO_3$ 함유량을 갖고 있으며, 또한 플라이 애시에 포함된 free CaO는 시멘트의 초기팽창 또는 급격한 초기응결을 발생시킬 수 있는 위험이 있다. 따라서 기존의 미분탄연소 (PCC) 플라이 애시와 순환유동층(CFBC) 플래이애시를 콘크리트분야에서 같이 활용할 수 있도록 KSL5405가 개정 발표되었다. 본 연구에서는 PCC와 CFBC 플라이 애시를 사용한 혼합시멘트를 제조하여 화학적성질과 역학적 성질을 분석하였다. CFBC 플라이 애시만을 혼합된 시멘트의 경우에는 OPC와 비교하여 강도는 낮아지는 반면, 높은 경시변화 특성을 나타내었으나, PCC와 CFBC를 혼합한 시멘트의 경우에는 PCC 플라이 애시만을 사용한 경우와 비교하여 강도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 실험결과로부터 CFBC 플라이 애시는 재료안전성과 요구되는 재료성능을 확보하기 위해 PCC와 같이 사용하여야 하는 것으로 판단된다.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2011

Given the fact that the entire bituminous coal used for a boiler is imported, the supply of coal is often affected by the rise of international coal price. Moreover, coal suppliers have been diversified due to the competition among power generation companies for reducing costs and inexpensive sub-bituminous coal is used. As a result, boilers combustion conditions have been deviated from the initial boiler design. This requires the selection of adequate excessive air ratio for different combustion conditions to enhance the efficiency of boiler operation. The boiler efficiency has been identified through an examination on the change of excessive air ratio by mixed fuel in unit 8 of Dangjin power plant complex. In addition, an excessive air ratio was calculated based on the examination result. According to the study result, the adequate excessive air ratio was 13% when Macquarie and Powder river were mixed at a ratio of 5:5 and when Sonoma and Megaprima persada were mixed at a ratio of 5:5. When BHP Billiton and Powder river were mixed at a ratio of 4:6 and Centennial and Batubara were mixed at a ratio of 3:7, the adequate excessive air ratio was 11%.