• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2002

Codex유기식품규격의 허용 천연광물자재인 맥반석, 옥, 황토 등을 퇴비에 혼합 첨가하여 제조한 퇴비가 배추생육과 품질에 어떠한 기능성을 가지는가를 검토하고자 Lysimeter에서 재배한 배추의 생육과 수량을 조사하였으며 배추의 당도, 비티민 C 함량 및 질산염 함량 등을 분석하였다. 1. 생체중, 구고, 구폭, 엽신 및 중륵의 무게가 일반 퇴비구에 비해 맥반석, 옥, 황 등을 단독 또는 혼합 처리한 퇴비시용구에서 많았다. 배추 엽수와 엽폭의 증가폭은 그리 크지 않았으나, 엽장은 크게 나타났으며, 맥반석을 혼합하여 처리한 시용구에서 가장 높았다. 2. 당도는 맥반석, 옥, 황토를 혼합 처리한 퇴비시용구에서 퇴비시용구보다 낮았다. 엽신의 비티민 C 함량이 중륵에 비해 훨씬 높았으며, 무비구 578ppm에 비해 기능성퇴비 시용구에서 648~706ppm으로 높아졌고 옥을 혼합하여 처리한 기능성 퇴비 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 3. 질산염 함량은 황토를 혼합 처리한 퇴비시용구에서 엽신 2,021ppm, 중륵 2,235ppm으로 가장 낮아, 황토가 배추의 질산염 집적량을 낮추는데 가장 효과적임을 보여 주었다. 4. 맥반석, 옥, 황토를 단독 혼합하여 제조한 퇴비시용구에 비해 맥반석+옥+황토를 혼합 처리한 퇴비시용구에서 당도, 비티민 C 함량 및 질산염 함량 등은 각각 평균치 수준을 나타냈다. 5. 결론적으로 맥반석, 옥, 황토 등은 배추의 수량증가를 위해 퇴비제조시에 혼합 첨가할 수 있는 기능성 첨가물질로 그 효과가 인정되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2008

Beak trimming in laying hens is a routine practice in which about 1/3-1/2 of the upper and lower beak is removed with the aim of reducing cannibalism. This experiment aimed to identify if this procedure causes pain by examining self-administration of an analgesic (carprofen) and pecking behaviour in 80 laying pullets beak-trimmed by two different methods at one day of age using hot-blade cauterisation or infra-red cauterisation. We also tested a control treatment, pullets with intact beaks, and a positive control treatment of pullets beak trimmed at 10 weeks of age which were expected to experience some pain due to recent severing of the underlying nerves in the beak. At 11 weeks of age birds trimmed at 10 weeks of age pecked more (p<0.001) gently ($0.6{\pm}0.06N$) at a disc attached to a force-displacement transducer than birds trimmed at 1 day of age with an infra-red machine ($0.9{\pm}0.1N$) or a hot blade ($1.1{\pm}0.07N$) and intact birds ($1.2{\pm}0.1N$). Maximum force of pecks recorded was also lower (p<0.001) in birds trimmed at 10 weeks of age than birds trimmed at 1 day of age with an infra-red method or a hot blade and intact birds. However, the pecking force in birds trimmed at 10 weeks of age was not increased by providing them with analgesic-treated feed, though birds that ate more carprofen had a higher maximum force of peck (p = 0.03). Pecking force in birds beak-trimmed at 1 day of age was the same as the pecking force of intact birds, and was unaffected by feeding pullets carprofen. A method of self-administration of an analgesic had previously revealed that chickens in neuromuscular pain arising from lameness consumed more of a feed containing carprofen than healthy chickens. However, we found no evidence that beak-trimmed pullets consumed more carprofen-treated feed than pullets with an intact beak. It should be noted that the three beak trimming methods resulted in an average 34% reduction in beak length, considered a light trim, and is perhaps not representative of commercial birds where greater portions of the beak are removed. We conclude that although carprofen has been reported to have an analgesic effect on neuromuscular pain in chickens, it appears to have no analgesic effect on potential neuropathic pain arising from the nerves severed by a light beak trim.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.723-728
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• 2006

The species of Grateloupia filicina, Grateloupia divaricata in East Sea were investigated taxonmically in order to clarify taxonomic position. The ecological character, external morphology, anatomy of vegetative structure. Blade length are $15{\sim}40\;cm$, erect from discoidal holdfast of $3{\sim}10\;mm$ in diameter. Stipe $1{\sim}2.5\;cm$ long, narrowly cylindrical below, compressed above Grateloupia filicina. Main axis are long and compressed, $3{\sim}7\;mm$ broad in broadest part. Colors are scarlet to light red. Blade length are $10{\sim}25\;cm$, erect from discoidal holdfast of $3{\sim}8\;cm$ in diameter Grateloupia divaricata. Stipe are single and simple $2{\sim}5\;mm$ broad. Thallus composed of cortex and medulla in section ; cortex composed of $9{\sim}10$ layers of anticlinally arranged cortical cell, divided into outer, middle and inner parts. Partial fragments of nuclear 18S rDNAs from the two species of Grateloupia (Rhodophyta) were amplified using the PCR reaction and sequenced to compare their similarity. The partial sequences showed 98.9% similarity each other. Grateloupia filicina has 371 bp sizes and Grateloupia divaricata has 372 bp size. The G+C contents of Grateloupia filicina is 54.3% and Grateloupia divaricata is 53.64%.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1999

유묘상태에서 잡종을 판정하기 위해 수령에 따른 잎과 모용(毛茸)의 형태를 조사하였다. 졸참나무, 떡갈나무, 갈참나무에서 잎의 크기는 1년생묘에서 가장 작고, 수령의 증가에 따라서 커지는 경향을 보였다. 잎의 길이, 잎의 넓이, 잎자루 길이, 결각의 수, 결각의 깊이, 형상비, 잎자루 비율에 관하여서도 수령에 따른 차이가 관찰되었다. 이 때문에 1, 2년생의 유령기에 잎의 크기, 형태만으로 종을 판정하기는 어려웠다. 또한 잎 뒷면의 모용(毛茸)의 종류, 형상, 발생 밀도 등은 종에 따라서, 같은 종 중에서도 수령에 따라서 현저하게 차이를 보였다. 졸참나무의 성목은 소형성상모밀생(小型星狀毛密生) 장모소생형(長毛疎生型), 떡갈나무의 성목은 대형성상모밀생(大型星狀毛密生)~소생형(疎生型), 갈참나무의 성목은 소형성상모밀생형(小型星狀毛密生型), 일본 물참나무의 성목은 무모(無毛)~소형성상모산생형(小型星狀毛散生型)으로 성목에서는 모용(毛茸)으로 종의 판정이 가능하였다. 1, 2년생의 묘목에서는 모용(毛茸)의 발생이 좋지 않으며 졸참나무, 떡갈나무에서는 2년생 일부와 3년생에서 모용(毛茸)에 의해 종의 분류가 가능하였지만, 갈참나무 일본 물참나무에서는 유령기에 모용(毛茸)만으로서 종을 판정하기는 곤란하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.154-159
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• 1995

차광의 효과가 있다고 알려져 있는 비닐 하우스내에서의 질소다비재배시 일조부속으로 인한 배추의 가식부위내 $NO_3^-$ 집적량의 변화를 밝히고자 차광정도를 달리한 하우스내에서의 질소수순별 처리를 두어 배추 수량과 가식부위내의 $NO_3^-$ 함량을 분석한 결과, 보비구, 배비구 모두 전일광 조건에 비해 15% 차광조건에서 엽장 엽폭, 엽수, 근장, 근폭 근중 및 수량이 최고에 달했으나 30% 이상의 차광조건에서는 오히려 감소하였다. 배추의 최고 수량은 452g으로서 배비구+차광 15% 처리구에서 나타났다. 전일광조건에서 $NO_3^-$ 집적량이 $4,373mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 높았던 외부중록은 차광처리에 따른 $NO_3^-$ 집적량의 증가폭이 적었으나, $NO_3^-$ 집적량이 $1,159mg\;kg^{-1}$, $212mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 낮았던 내부엽중륵 및 내부엽신은 $3,492mg\;kg^{-1}$, $2,435mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 3배, 11.5배로 상승하였다. 차광조건의 경우 엽신보다는 중륵이 내부보다는 외부 가식부위의 $NO_3^-$ 집적량이 많았으며 외부중륵($4,872mg\;kg^{-1}$) >내부중륵($2363mg\;kg^{-1}$) >외부엽신($1.405mg\;kg^{-1}$) >내부엽신($727mg\;kg^{-1}$)의 순으로 낮았다. 15% 까지의 차광에서 보비구의 가식부위별 $NO_3^-$ 집적량은 지상부 지하부 생육 및 수량과 비례적인 증가를 나타냈으나. 배비구의 경우 가식부위인 지상부, 지하부 및 수량의 증가폭 보다 $NO_3^-$ 집적량 증가가 더 컸고, 30%이상의 차광조건에서는 지상부, 지하부 생육 및 수량은 감소하나 오히려 $NO_3^-$ 집적량은 더욱 급격히 증가하였다. 외부엽 중륵의 경우 배비구는 차광정도에 관계없이 $5,000-6,000mg\;kg^{-1}$ 내외에서 일정한 수준을 유지하였으나 보비구는 차광정도가 증가할수록 $NO_3^-$ 집적량도 증가하였다. 결론적으로 비닐하우스내에서의 과다한 질소시비는 바람직 하지 않으며 중륵이 얇은 신품종 배추의 개발보급과 배추이용시 가식부위중 $NO_3^-$ 집적량이 가장 높은 외부엽 엽신과 중륵 부위의 제거가 바람직하다고 판단되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.716-722
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of age of animal, hot carcass weight, pH, conformation and fat class on basic beef quality attributes (tenderness, sarcomere length, basic chemical composition, marbling and colour) in a group of purebred animals. The object of the study was beef of Limousin bulls (25 to 27 months, hot carcass weight - $432{\pm}31$ kg, "U" conformation class, "2"-"3" fat class). Analysed cuts were Infraspinatus muscle from the blade and Longissimus dorsi muscle from the cube roll and the striploin. Tenderness was analysed with universal testing machine, colour - chromometer analysis, sarcomere length - microscopic method, basic chemical composition - near-infrared spectroscopy and marbling - computer image analysis. No differences in tenderness and sarcomere length were observed within the age groups of Limousin bulls (age of 25, 26, 27 months) (p>0.05). Moisture (p = 0.0123) and fat (p = 0.0250) content were significantly different for meat of animals slaughtered at the age of 25 and 27 months. No influence of pH value on tenderness was observed, but at the same time, influence on sarcomere length (p = 0.039) and $b^*$ component of colour (0.045) was found. For "U" conformation class, in subclasses, as well as for fat classes "2"-"3", there were no differences in tenderness, sarcomere length and colour components. Higher fat content was observed in the higher fat class, rather than in lower, however this feature was not associated with marbling.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 정익과 동익간의 축방향 간격을 달리하여 축류형 터빈에서의 성능시험을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 터빈은 저압저속터빈으로써 평균반경에서 반동도가 0.373이며 축류형 3차원 단단터빈이다. 터빈의 평균반경 직경은 257.56mm이며 평균반경에서 동익의 익현은 28.2mm이다. 성능시험을 위한 공기력 입력장치로는 풍동이 사용되었으며 풍동의 터보블로워 동력은 30kW로써 290mmAq의 정압력에서 $340m^3$/min의 공기량을 보낼 수 있다. 터빈에서의 회전수 및 출력은 터빈 축에 직결식으로 연결된 다이나모메터에서 제어되었다. 실험에서 축방향 간격조정은 평균반경에서의 정익 축방향 익현의 1/4에서 3배까지 변경하여 총 9개의 성능시험을 수행하였다. 같은 무차원 유량과 RPM에서 축방향의 간격에 따른 효율의 변화는 최대 8%이내지만 최고효율을 얻게되는 축방향 간격은 1.6-1.9Cx 였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.589-598
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• 2001

The fracture of acrylic resin dentures remains an unsolved problem. Therefore, many investigations have been performed and various approaches to strengthening acrylic resin, for example, the reinforcement of heat-cured PMMA resin using glass fibers, have been suggested over the years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short glass fibers treated with silane coupling agent on the transverse strength of heat-polymerized PMMA denture base resin. To avoid fiber bunching and achieve even fiber distribution, glass fiber bundles were mixed with PMMA powder in conventional mixer whose blade was modified to be blunt. Composite of glass fiber($11{\mu}m$ diameter, 3mm & 6mm length, silane treated) and PMMA resin was made. Transverse strength and Young's modulus were estimated. Glass fibers were incorporated with 1%, 3%, 6% and 9% by weight. Plasticity and workability of dough was evaluated. Fracture surface of specimens was investigated by SEM. The results of this study were as follows 1. 6% and 9% incorporation of 3mm glass fibers in the PMMA resin enhanced the transverse strength of the test specimens(p<0.05). 2. 6% incorporation of 6mm glass fibers in the PMMA resin increased transverse strength, but 9% incorporation of it decreased transverse strength(p<0.05). 3. When more than 3% of 3mm glass fibers and more than 6% of 6mm glass fibers were incorporated, Young's modulus increased significantly(p<0.05). 4. Workability decreased gradually as the percentage of the fibers increased. 5. Workability decreased gradually as the length of the fibers increased. 6. In SEM and LM, there was no bunching of fibers and no shortening of fibers.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.4013-4026
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• 1996

A numerical simulation has been carried out for the jet impinging on a flat plate and a semi-circular concave surface. In this computation finite volume method was employed to solve the full Navier-Stokes equation based on a non-orthogonal coordinate with non staggered variable arrangement. The standard k-.epsilon. turbulent model and low Reynolds number k-.epsilon. model(Launder-Sharmar model) with Yap's correction were adapted. The accuracy of the numerical calculations were compared with various experimental data reported in the literature and showed good predictions of centerline velocity decay, wall pressure distribution and skin friction. For the jet impingement on a semi-circular concave surface, potential core length was calculated for two different nozzle(round edged nozzle and rectangular edged nozzle) to consider effects of the nozzle shape. The result showed that round edged nozzle had longer potential core length than rectangular edged nozzle for the same condition. Heat transfer rate along the concave surface with constant heat flux was calculated for various nozzle exit to surface distance(H/B) in the condition of same jet velocity. The maximum local Nusselt number at the stagnation point occurred at H/B = 8 where the centerline turbulent intensity had maximum value. The predicted Nusselt number showed good agreement with the experimental data at the stagnation point. However heat transfer predictions along the downstream were underestimated. This results suggest that the improved turbulence modeling is required.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2016

In this study, a pre-swirl duct for the 180,000 DWT bulk carrier has been designed from a propulsion standpoint using CFD. The stern duct - designed by NMRI - was selected as the initial duct. The objective function is to minimize the value of delivered power in model scale. Design variables of the duct include duct angle, diameter, chord length, and vertical and horizontal displacements from the center. Design variables of the stators are blade number, arrangement angle, chord length, and pitch angle. A parametric design was carried out with the objective function obtained using CFD. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved; and the Reynolds stress model applied for the turbulent closure. A double body model is used for the treatment of free-surface. MRF and sliding mesh models have been applied to simulate the actuating propeller. A self-propulsion point has been obtained from the results of towing and self-propelled computations, i.e., form factor obtained from towing computation and towing forces obtained from self-propelled computations of two propeller rotating speeds. The reduction rate of the delivered power of the improved stern duct is 2.9%, whereas that of the initial stern duct is 1.3%. The pre-swirl duct with one inner stator in upper starboard and three outer stators in portside has been designed. The delivered power due to the designed pre-swirl duct is reduced by 5.8%.