• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.895-901
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• 2013

Resistance to induction of apoptosis is a major obstacle for bladder cancer treatment. Bcl-2 is thought to be involved in anti-apoptotic signaling. In this study, we investigated the effect of Bcl-2 overexpression on apoptotic resistance and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in bladder cancer cells. A stable Bcl-2 overexpression cell line, BIU87-Bcl-2, was constructed from human bladder cancer cell line BIU87 by transfecting recombinant Bcl-2 [pcDNA3.1(+)-Bcl-2]. The sensitivity of transfected cells to adriamycin (ADR) was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and acridine orange fluorescence staining. Intracellular ROS was determined using flow cytometry, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also investigated by the xanthinoxidase and visible radiation methods using SOD and CAT detection kits. The susceptibility of BIU87-Bcl-2 cells to ADR treatment was significantly decreased as compared with control BIU87 cells. Enhanced expression of Bcl-2 inhibited intracellular ROS generation following ADR treatment. Moreover, the suppression of SOD and CAT activity induced by ADR treatment was blocked in the BIU87-Bcl-2 case but not in their parental cells. The overexpression of Bcl-2 renders human bladder cancer cells resistant to ADR-induced apoptosis and ROS might act as an important secondary messenger in this process.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2010

Conceptions about functions of bladder in Oriental Medicine are focused on excretion of urine, such as "Somun(素問)" "Yeong-ranbijeonron(靈蘭秘典論)". However, functions of bladder cannot be in those. In Oriental Medicine, there are sentences in "Naegyeong", the fluid and humor is dispersed to whole body. It means that bladder has a function by reabsorption of the fluid and humor in metabolism with gi transformation, besides excretion of urine. In that reason, I try to find out meanings of bladder's functions in metabolism of the fluid and humor through bibliographic review. As a result, bladder has a 2 types of function. 1st, it is a excretion of urine that we have already mentioned. 2nd, it is a reabsorption of the fluid and humor.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 1969

The authors studied the adrenotropic receptors of isolated urinary bladder from Sebastes inermis, using adrenergic activators such as epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine and adrenergic blocking agents such as phenoxybenzamine, pronethalol and propranolol. The studies have revealed the following results. 1) The spontaneous motility of isolated bladder from Sebastes inermis was inhibited by epinephrine nor-epinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine. 2) The inhibitory effect of phenylephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was blocked by phenoxybensamine. 3) The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol was blocked by pronethalol and propranolol. 4) The effect of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on the Sebastes inermis bladder was usually not blocked by either kind of blocking agent alone, but was blocked by a combination of ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$ blockades. 5) It is, therefore, concluded that the Sebastes inermis bladder has alpha and that both receptors, and that both receptors subserve retaxation or inhibition.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1685-1688
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• 2005

We treated a 51 year-old female patient of neurogenic bladder. The patient complained of urinary incontinence, lack of urine sense, loss of right leg sense etc. The symptoms developed right after spinal stenosis surgery. The symptoms didn't show any improvement continually. But after admission and treatment in our hospital, symptoms were improved from severe to mild and the score of Assesment of Bladder function got better. We continued to prescribe the herbal medicine over 8 weeks and could observe that symptoms were improved. This result suggests that oriental medical therapy is useful enough to treat the neurogenic bladder. Therefore further study of the approach and application of this treatment for neurogenic bladder would be necessary.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.17-29
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the correlation of meridian system in oriental medicine and muscular system in western medicine. Methods : Muscles were assigned to meridians by their main functions and the acupoints on them. New mutual relationships between meridians in lower limb were studied based on the muscular function. Results : In gluteal & femoral region, iliopsoas & quadratus femoris are assigned to spleen & stomach meridians, gluteus maximus & hamstrings to urinary bladder & kidney meridians, adductor muscle groups to liver meridian, gluteus medius & minimus & iliotibial tract to gall bladder meridian. In crural region, anterior crural muscles are assigned to stomach meridian, lateral crural muscles to gall bladder meridian, suferficial posterior crural muscles to urinary bladder (& kidney) meridian, deep posterior crural muscles to liver, spleen, kidney meridians. In lower limb, urinary bladder meridian and stomach meridian lead the muscular functions and correspond to each other, while spleen meridian assists stomach meridian, and kidney meridian assists urinary bladder meridian. Conclusions : Muscles may be assigned to meridians by their functions and the acupoints on them. From the view of muscular function, Yang meridians lead Yin meridians in lower limb.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.5 s.170
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to develop the new cuff improving the accuracy of blood pressure measurement, and to evaluate the performance of the developed system. We added a small bladder to the normal cuff which is called the double bladder system. The developed system for blood pressure measurement was based on the oscillometric method using a double bladder. This system was developed in order to reduce the oscillation noise and to amplify the signal of pure blood pressure An oscillometric signal database based on the developed system were evaluated following the standard ANSI/AAMI/SP10-1992. The correlation coefficients between cuff of double bladder and normal cuff were 0.98 for systolic and 0.94 for diastolic. Mean differences and the standard deviations between average blood pressure of mercury sphygmomanometer and automated sphygmomanometer were -0.7mmHg and 4.9mmHg for systolic, and -1.4mmHg and 5.4mmHg for diatolic, respectively. We conclude that the proposed double bladder based cuff system improves the accuracy of the oscillometric blood pressure measurement. The developed system reduces the error range about $44\~62\%$ for systolic and about $6\~21\%$ for diastolic compared to the recently developed commercially available sphygmomanometers.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.38-48
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• 2022

This study was aimed to report an significant improvement of urinary disturbance in overactive bladder patient using Soeumin's Sibimigwanjung-tang based on Sasang constitutional medicine. Methods A female overactive bladder patient with urinary disturbance including urgency, frequency, nocturia, tenesmus, weak stream was enrolled in this study. The patient was diagnosed as Soeum type greater-yin pattern and medicated with Sibimigwanjung-tang three times a day. Clinical improvement was evaluated with urination diary, International Prostate Symptom Score, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score, Numeric Rating Scale, and percentage of improvement compared to the day of hospitalization. Results Significant improvement was seen in urinary disturbance after 26 days of admission treatment. Also, symptoms of dyspepsia, coldness of hands and feet, and facial edema were improved. Conclusions This clinical case suggests that Sibimigwanjung-tang can be valuable option in treating urinary disturbance in overactive bladder within Soeum type greater-yin pattern.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.2 s.61
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• pp.275-284
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• 1998

Activities of enzymes involved in the metabolism of various carcinogenic xenobiotics is one of the most important host factors for cancer occurrence. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) are enzymes which .educe the toxicity of activated carcinogenic metabolites. Slow N-acetylation and lack of GST mu (GSTMI) were reported as risk factors of bladder cancer. GST theta (GSTT1), which is another type of GST, was reported to be deleted at higher proportion among Koreans. Since cause of bladder cancer is not fully explained by single risk factor, many kinds of enzymes would be involved in the metabolism of carcinogens excreted in urine. This study was performed to investigate whether the polymorphisms of NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 are risk factors of bladder cancer and to evaluate the effects of their interaction on bladder cancer development. Sixty-seven bladder cancer and 67 age- and sex-matched non-cancer patients hospitalized in Chungbuk National University Hospital from March to December 1996, are the subjects of this case-control study. Questionnaire interview was done and the genotypes of NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 were identified using PCR methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. The effects of the polymorphism of NAT2 and GSTM1 and their interaction on bladder cancer were statistically tested after controlling the other risk factors. The frequencies of slow, intermediate, and rapid acetylators were 3.0%, 38.8%, and 58.2% to. the cases, and 7.6%, 40.9%, and 51.5% for the controls, respectively. The risk of bladder cancer was not associated with the increase of NAT2 activity($\chi^2_{trend}=1.18$, P-value>0.05). GSTM1 was deleted in 68.7% of the cases and 49.3% of the controls ($\chi^2=5.21$, P-value<0.05), and the odds ratio (95% CI) was 2.23 (1.12 - 4.56). GSTT1 deletion, the .ate of which were 26.9% for the bladder cancer patients and 43.3% for the controls, was a significant protective factor against bladder cancer. Smoking history turned out to be insignificant as a risk factor of bladder cancer (OR=1.85, 95% CI: 0.85 - 4.03), and occupation could not be tested because of the extremely small number of occupational history related to the increase of bladder cancer. In multiple logistic analysis controlling the effects of other risk factors, GSTM1 deletion was the only significant risk factor for bladder cancer (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.22-5.36, P-value<0.05), but slow acetylation and GSTT1 deletion were not. These results suggest that GSTM1 deletion may be a significant risk factor of bladder cancer. Since there have been much debates on causal relationship between slow acetylation and GSTT1 deletion, and bladder cancer, further studies are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2016

Purpose : The bladder volume change was measured using ultrasonography for helping decrease the side effects and other organ variations in the location of radiation therapy for cervical cancer patients. An experiment was performed targeting patients who were treated with radiation therapy at PNUH within the period from September to December 2015. Materials and Methods : To maintain the bladder volume, each patient was instructed to drink 500 cc water before and after CT simulation, 60 minutes before the dry run. Also, the bladder volume was measured in each patient CT scan, and a 3D conformal therapy plan was designed. The bladder volumes measured before and after the CT simulation, dry run, and radiation treatment planning were compared and analyzed. Results : The average volume and average error of the bladder that were obtained from the measurement based on the CT scan images had the lowest standard deviation in the CT simulation. This means that the values that were obtained before and after the CT simulation were statistically relevant and correlative. Moreover, the bladder volume measured via ultrasonography was larger size, the average volume in the CT scan. But the values that were obtained Dry run and after the CT simulation were not statistically relevant. Conclusion : Drinking a certain amount of water helps a patient maintain his/her bladder volume for a dry run. Even then, it is difficult to maintain the bladder volume for the dry run. Also, whether or not the patients followed the directions for the dry run correctly is important.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.529-537
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, relative factor and the effects that overactive bladder or urinary incontinence have on women's lives. Data was gathered through an internet survey. The subjects included 3,372 women ranging from 20 years old to 49 years of age. The questionnaire included general characteristics (age, parity, family history, and history of UTI), overactive bladder symptoms (urgency, frequency, nocturia, urgent incontinence), urinary incontinence, discomfort in ADL and sexual activity. The data was analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using frequency, $x^2$ test, and multivariate logistic regression. The results were as follows; 1. The prevalence was 12.7 % in overactive bladder and 21.0% in urinary incontinence. 2. 19.2% of the subject have urge incontinence, 5% of them have coped with the use of a pad. 3. The significant factors to overactive bladder were age($x^2$=6.6, p<0.05), history of urinary tract infection ($x^2$=50.8, p<0.01) and family history ($x^2$=26.1, p<0.01). The significant factors to urinary incontinence were age ($x^2$=6.2, p<0.05), occupation ($x^2$=11.0, p<0.05), history of urinary tract infection($x^2$=20.2, p<0.01), parity ($x^2$=8.6, p<0.01), and family history ($x^2$=4.9, p<0.05). 4. Overactive bladder impacts on individual daily life was 5.0 times, urinary incontinence was 2.9 times higher than in non-symptoms. Also, overactive bladder impacts on their sexual activity disturbance was 4.3 times, urinary incontinence has 3.9 times higher than in non-symptoms. In conclusion, overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence were health problems that disturbed women's lives. Also the most problem among overactive bladder may be urgency in Korean. Intervention based on these results needs to be provided for these women.