• Title/Summary/Keyword: Blackening

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Weathering Characteristics according to Seawater Immersion of the Magai Wareiishi Jizo (Buddhist Statue Carved on Rock Surface) in Hiroshima, Japan (일본 히로시마현 마애화령석지장(磨崖和靈石地藏)의 해수 침수에 의한 풍화특성)

  • Lee, Sun Myung;Lee, Myeong Seong;Chun, Yu Gun;Lee, Jae Man;Morii, Masayuki
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.329-341
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    • 2012
  • Magai Wareiishi Jizo (Buddhist statue carved on rock surface) is close to shoreline and a part of rock block is periodically immersed by seawater. Rock material of the Wareiishi-jizo statue is composed mainly of medium or coarse-grained biotite granite and very durable. However, physical properties of the rock have been changed according to the complex interactions of the salt solution and surrounding environment. Exfoliation of the rock surface is a serious condition by salt crystallization. Exfoliation (14.6%) is concentrated on the upper part of the rock block with mainly boundary of seawater as the center. On the other hand, lower part of the rock block show black layers by contaminants deposition. In addition, brown discoloration and biological contaminants is overlapped. Rock surface show high discoloration rate of 50.5% (black discoloration, 29.2% > yellow discoloration, 14.1% > brown discoloration, 4.4% > green discoloration, 2.9%). Upper part of the rock block had a lot of change in the physical properties than lower part that is immersed by seawater. In particular, surface properties of the rock block was very weak state at the boundary surface of seawater permeation.

Black Rot of Broccoli Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris에 의한 브로콜리의 검은썩음병)

  • Lee Seung-Don;Lee Jung-Hee;Kim Sun-Yee;Kim Yong-Ki;Lee Yong-Hoon;Heu Sung-Gi;Ra Dong-Soo
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.134-138
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    • 2006
  • A new bacterial disease of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) was observed on field-grown plants in Pyungchang during 2003 and 2004. Seedling infections first appeared as a blackening along the margins of the cotyledon. Cotyledon shriveled and dropped off. Infected seedlings were stunted and yellowed and eventually died. The disease was easily recognized by the presence of yellow, V-shaped, or U-shaped areas extending inward from margin of the leaf. As the disease progressed, the yellow lesions turned brown and the tissues died. Isolations made from diseased leaves on yeast extract dextrose calcium carbonate agar yielded nearly pure cultures of a yellow-pigmented bacterium typical of a xanthomonad. Two bacterial strains were purified and used for further tests. Pathogenicity of strains was confirmed on 3-week-old crucifer (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, kale, radish and broccoli) plants cut by scissors with bacterial suspensions containing $10^8 cfu/ml$ of phosphate buffered saline. The Biolog and fatty acid analyses and 16S rDNA sequencing of two strains (SL4797 and SL4800) from broccoli black rot showed that they could be identified as X. campestris pv. campestris because of their high similarity to the tester strain (X. campestris pv. campestris NCPPB528) with a match probability of 100%. This is the first report of black rot of broccoli in Korea.

Effects of Omahwan(OMH) on CD4+, CD8+ T cell and Immune Organ Index in Rat (오마환(烏麻丸)이 백서(白鼠)의 혈액내(血液內) CD4+, CD8+ T cell 및 면역기관(免疫器官) 장기지수(臟器指數)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Lee Song-Shil;Lee Sang-Jae;Kim Kwang-Ho
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.76-89
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    • 2001
  • OMH which is known for its properties of recruiting vitality, is composed of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and Sesamum indicum DC.. This formula is known to possess the properties of recruiting vitality, blackening white hair and expanding life span. 16-week-old SD-Rats were treated with OMH for 16 days. After 24 hours, the rats were treated with MTX(Mthotrexate is oral administrated for 4 days(1mg/kg/day), in order to lower immunity. Then, These rats were classified in to groups, the N-16 group(not specially tested), the Control group(MTX), the OMH-L group(2.5% OMH+MTX)&the OMH-H group(10% OMH+MTX) and 6 rats were assigned to each group. After 18 hours from MTX treatment the organ index of the rats from each group Thymus and Spleen were measured. The percentage of CD+4, CD8+ T cell were measured and compared by flow cytometer. 1) Rats from the OHM-L&OMH-H group showed higher organ indexes of the Thymus and Spleen compared to the rats from the Control Group. This proves that OMH possesses the properties to mitigate degenerations of immunity($F_{thymus}=20.162,\;F_{spleen}=5.882$, ANDVA, p<0.05). 2) The rats from the two OMH groups showed higher rates of CD4+ T cell counts compared to the control group(F=26.906, ANOVA, p<0.05). CD8+ T cell showed lower rates compared to the Control group, but showed no differences within the two OMH groups(F=1.254, ANOYA, p>0.05). CD4+/CD8+ showed higher rates in the two OMH groups compared to the control group which can be thought as a proof that OMH prevents depression of immune response(F=10.554, ANOVA, p<0.05). In this test 16 week-old rats were used, which can be considered as the middle and prime age of the human being. These rats were treated with OMH which ended up showing properties of mitigating degeneration of immune responses and maintaining T-cell rates within the blood. It was possible to study that OMH possesses the properties to increase immune responses.

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Scientific Analysis of Firing Characteristics for Walls and Rooftiles Excavated from Jeseoksa Dump-site, Iksan (익산 제석사지 폐기유적 벽체 및 기와의 피열특성)

  • Ahn, Kyoung Suk;Lee, Min Hye;Han, Min Su
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.567-578
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    • 2021
  • In this study, the physicochemical properties of 21 wall fragments and rooftile pieces excavated from Jeseoksa Dump-site were analyzed, and the possibility of heat exposure, such as the fire reported in the literature, was investigated by estimating the firing temperature. From the results, it was estimated that the rooftiles were composed of refined materials, and the walls were composed of materials having different particle sizes depending on the layer. Unlike ordinary rooftiles and walls, they exhibited an uneven surface with traces of bloating phenomenon in the cross section. It was estimated from the blackening of some portions that firing was not performed in a controlled state in a constant firing environment. In addition, the estimated firing temperature showed that the non-overfired rooftiles had endured a firing temperature of 900℃ or less, but the over-fired samples were subjected to a temperature of 1,000℃ or higher and were fired at a temperature higher than the manufacturing temperature at that time. Additionally, the rooftiles probably became defective during firing or molding at the time of production, but the non-overfired rooftiles exhibited an intact shape and showed the possibility of heat exposure due to fire. Therefore, the analytical results of this study confirm that the defective architectural components damaged by the fire, as reported in the literature, were discarded in the Jeseoksa dump-site.

Reconsideration and Conservational Scientific Diagnosis of Silla Stone Monument in Bongpyeong-ri, Uljin (울진 봉평리 신라비의 재판독과 보존과학적 진단)

  • Jo, Young-hoon;Lee, Chan-hee;Shim, Hyun-yong
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.48-67
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    • 2013
  • This study was focused on the recognition of historical values and the establishment of conservation schemes for a Silla stone monument in Bongpyeong-ri, Uljin by combining the humanistic investigation of inscription reinterpretation and the scientific conservational diagnosis of deterioration. According to the investigation of inscription, a total of 13 letters were reconsidered compared to the preceding researches. Thus, the meaning and interpretation of previous inscription was partially changed. This monument is composed of gneissose leucogranite and the most suitable site as provenance of the stone would be the Jukbyeon seashore (2.1km). The site shows similar color, size and composition of minerals, gneissose structure and magnetic susceptibility as the Bongpyeong stone monument. This monument developed a structural crack (crack index 0.4) and a microcrack (crack index 2.0) along the gneissose structure. The horizontal strength is weaker than the vertical strength. Therefore, the cracks should be reinforced and treated. However, consolidating is not urgently needed because the total weathering grade by ultrasonic velocity shows the stage of moderate weathering(3,403m/s, 0.32). Also, the major problems of chemical deterioration are blackening (85.2%) with soil, iron oxide,rubbing mark, and salt crystals (17.3%) from the sea. Therefore, the contaminants and the salt crystals should be removed using pressure spray and pulp paper, while the application of poultice should be examined through clinical tests.

Development of PCR-based markers for selecting plastid genotypes of Solanum hjertingii (Solanum hjertingii 색소체 유전자형 선발을 위한 PCR 기반 분자마커 개발)

  • Tae-Ho Park
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • v.50
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    • pp.34-44
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    • 2023
  • The tetraploid Solanum hjertingii, a wild tuber-bearing species from Mexico is a relative of potato, S. tuberosum. The species has been identified as a potential source of resistance to blackening for potato breeding. It does not exhibit enzymatic browning nor blackspot which are physiological disorders. However, due to their sexual incompatibility, somatic hybridization between S. hjertingii and S. tuberosum must be used to introduce various traits from this wild species into potato. After somatic hybridization, molecular markers are essential for selecting fusion products. In this study, the chloroplast genome of S. hjertingii was sequenced by next-generation sequencing technology and compared with those of other Solanum species to develop specific markers for S. hjertingii. The chloroplast genome has a total sequence length of 155,545 bp, and its size, gene content, order and orientation are similar to those of the other Solanum species. Phylogenic analysis including 15 other Solanaceae species grouped S. hjertingii with S. demissum, S. hougasii, and S. stoloniferum. After detailed comparisons of the chloroplast genome sequence with eight other Solanum species, we identified one InDel and seven SNPs specific to S. hjertingii. Based on these, five PCR-based markers were developed for discriminating S. hjertingii from other Solanum species. The results obtained in this study will aid in exploring the evolutionary aspects of Solanum species and accelerating breeding using S. hjertingii.

Alchemical Transformation Process revealed in Sand Play (모래놀이에 나타난 연금술적 변환과정)

  • Dukkyu Kim
    • Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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    • v.39 no.1
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    • pp.61-91
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    • 2024
  • Alchemy is the process of producing worthless substances into the best substances through chemical opus(work). On the surface, many of the alchemist's experiments can be depicted as work on transforming substances, but in reality, the alchemist's result is a product of the Unconscious. This study aims to explain the three phases of alchemy, Nigredo, Albedo, and Rubedo, through Michael Mayer's alchemical text, Atalanta Fugiens, and understand the transformation process by utilizing images that appeared from clients' sand play therapy. This study first described why alchemy, as the foundation for the psychology of the Unconscious, is important in sand play that deals with images. Next, Nigredo (blackening), the first phase of the alchemical process, is briefly described, and how the contents of Nigredo, such as chaos, dissolution, separation, division, corruption, death, and calcination, appear in sand play therapy. Next, the second phase, albedo (whitening), is described, and how the images of water and fire, which are representative images of albedo in the form of purification, sublimation, distillation, separation, descension, and coagulation, are revealed in sand play. Lastly, the phase of rubedo (reddening) in alchemy is described, and how the form of union (mandala or central image) in rubedo, which appears in the form of conjunction and rebirth, is revealed in sand play. The symbols revealed in alchemy are very valuable in amplifying the images that appeared in sand play therapy or dream analysis. In particular, the procedures found in alchemical opus are helpful in understanding the transformation process of personality.

A Study on the Material Characteristics and Weathering Aspects of Sculpture Stone Around the World Cultural Heritage Joseon Dynasty Royal Tombs - Focused on the East Nine Royal Tombs - (세계문화유산 조선왕릉 석조문화재의 재질특성 및 풍화양상 연구 - 구리 동구릉을 중심으로 -)

  • CHO Hajin ;CHAE Seunga ;SONG Jinuk;LEE Myeongseong ;LEE Taejong
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.55 no.4
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    • pp.180-193
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    • 2022
  • The East Nine Royal Tombs is a representative place in the Royal Tombs of Joseon (a World Heritage Site). It consists of 1,289 stone artifacts including 979 related stone structures, 310 stone statues, and objects. Most of the stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs are composed of biotite granite, but some tombs are composed of light red granite. As a result of magnetic susceptibility measurement, the average data from Geonwolleung to Mongneung, excluding Hyeolleung, were similar, so it is estimated that stones were obtained from the same quarry. In the case of Sungneung, Sureung, and Gyeongneung, the range of susceptibility measurement is widely distributed. It assumed that the newly produced stones were mixed in the moving and construction process. Also, stones might be gathered from different quarries. As a result of a conservation status investigation, both the mound member and the ridge stone had the highest damage rate due to peeling and granular decomposition according to surface weathering. In the case of surface discoloration, yellowing and soils were found in the burial mound members. Yellowing, blackening, and soil were identified in the ridge stone structures. Bio-degradation is the major factor of deterioration of the East Nine Royal Tombs and the conservation status of the tombs were detected as grades 4 to 5. It seems that it is easy for the environment of the royal tombs to form soil for the microorganisms and fine conditions for continuous moisture. In the case of structures, they are in relatively good condition. As a result of a comprehensive damage rating for each tomb, the overall condition is good, but the Geonwolleung Royal Tomb and Hyeolleung Tomb, which were created in the early period, had relatively high weathering ratings. Stone objects in East Nine Royal Tombs have lost many pieces and gateway members due to surface deterioration. Also, secondary damage is ongoing. Each damage factor of the stone artifacts of the East Nine Royal Tombs combines to cause various and continuous damages. Therefore, it is necessary to establish regular conservation status data of the stone artifacts for efficient management after processing as well as conservation treatment of the royal tombs, and specific management manuals and systems. This study investigated the conservation status of stone structures in the East Nine Royal Tombs, a World Heritage Site, and systematically classified them to provide priority and necessity for conservation processing. We look forward to establishing a plan for the conservation and management of the East Nine Royal Tombs with this database in the future.