• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.780-792
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a customized birth control program and identify its effects on attitude, subjective norm, behavioral control, intention, and behavior of contraception among immigrant postpartum mothers. Methods: In this experimental study, Vietnamese, Filipino or Cambodian married immigrant postpartum mothers were recruited. They were assigned to the experiment group (n=21) or control group (n=21). The customized birth control program was provided to the experimental group for 4 weeks. Results: The experimental group showed a significant increase in the score of attitude, subjective norm, behavioral control, intention, and behavior of contraception. Conclusion: Findings in this study indicate that the customized postpartum birth control program, a systematic and integrative intervention program composed of customized health education, counseling and telephone monitoring, is able to provide effective planning for postpartum health promotion and birth control behavior practice in married immigrant women.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.281-290
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effect of kangaroo care on anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants. The subjects were 30 mothers of low birth weight infants, sixteen for the kangaroo care group and fourteen for the control group, whose infants hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care unit at two university-affiliated hospital. The kangaroo care was applied 9 times during the twenty six days with 40 minutes for each session. The kangaroo care provides the skin-to-skin contact during which a low birth weight infant wearing a diaper and a hat is placed on its mother's chest. The questionnaire, state anxiety was completed before beginning the first intervention. The questionnaire, state anxiety and confidence and gratification of mothering role were completed at 2 weeks after discharge. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program. The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in the state anxiety between the kangaroo care and the control group before beginning the first intervention. The state anxiety was significantly lower in kangaroo care group than in control group. 2. The confidence of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 3. The gratification of mothering role was significantly higher in kangaroo care group than in control group at 2 weeks after discharge. 4. In mothers of low birth weight infants, the state anxiety was negatively correlated to the confidence of mothering role and the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. And the confidence of mothering role in mothers of low birth weight infants was positively correlated to the gratification of mothering role at 2 weeks after discharge. These results suggest that kangaroo care is an effective nursing intervention for mothers of low birth weight infants in reducing the state anxiety, improving the confidence and gratification of mothering role.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1019-1029
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• 2016

The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter is an effective means to track multiple targets in that it avoids explicit data associations between the measurements and targets. However, the target birth intensity as a prior is assumed to be known before tracking in a traditional target-tracking algorithm; otherwise, the performance of a conventional PHD filter will decline sharply. Aiming at this problem, a novel target birth intensity scheme and an improved measurement-driven scheme are incorporated into the PHD filter. The target birth intensity estimation scheme, composed of both PHD pre-filter technology and a target velocity extent method, is introduced to recursively estimate the target birth intensity by using the latest measurements at each time step. Second, based on the improved measurement-driven scheme, the measurement set at each time step is divided into the survival target measurement set, birth target measurement set, and clutter set, and meanwhile, the survival and birth target measurement sets are used to update the survival and birth targets, respectively. Lastly, a Gaussian mixture implementation of the PHD filter is presented under a linear Gaussian model assumption. The results of numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve a better performance in tracking systems with an unknown newborn target intensity.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was performed in order to evaluate the quality of health services provided to the adolescents at mobile health clinics and to improve the services for them, and to figure out knowledge level of adolescents on sex, birth control methods and artificial abortion, and the effect of the knowledge levels those items on sexual behavior. The data obtained will be utilized for sex health education program in the future. Methodology: A total of 2,021 adolescents who visited mobile sexual health clinics in Seoul, Inchon, Busan, Daejon, Cheonbuk, Kwangju and Daegu were surveyed in November 2007. The items surveyed were level of satisfaction about the services provided by mobile sexual health clinics, personal opinions and experience of artificial abortion, knowledge level about birth control, sexual experience and pregnancy. The above mentioned items were analyzed by general characteristics such as religion and geographical area. Results: The study subjects were generally satisfied with the services of mobile sexual health clinics. But they were not satisfied with the information about birth control methods provided by the clinics. The subjects who had better knowledge about sex were more satisfied with the services provided by the clinics. And the subjects who had knowledge about birth control methods but did not have birth control experience were also more satisfied with the services of clinics. The subjects who reported that artificial abortion should be allowed were also more satisfied with the services of the clinics. Experiences of sex, pregnancy, and artificial abortion were not correlated to satisfaction of the clinic services. Conclusions: The mobile sexual health clinics have to continues to provide sex health education and other sex related health services to adolescents. More practical information about birth control methods should be provided to the adolescents by the clinics based on the study results. Active preventive measures for unwanted pregnancy should be provided to the adolescents by the clinics.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.207-216
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• 1988

Premature rupture of membrane is the most frequent cause of low birth weight infant delivery which increase the maternal and fetal morbidity and perinatal mortality. A retrospective case-control study was performed on 315 mothers who delivered low birth weight infants($\leq$2.5kg) with premature rupture of membrane and as control group 546 mothers who delivered normal birth weight infants(2.9-3.7kg) without premature rupture of membrane were chosen. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. The proportion of low birth weight infants due to premature rupture of membrane among all low birth weight infant deliveries was 14.5%, and this is equivalent to 1.1% among all deliveries. 2. The most significant maternal risk factor of low birth weight infant deliveries with premature rupture of membrane was infections on vagina, cervix and uterus during pregnancy. Compared with control, adjusted odds ratio was 7.61(95% confidence interval(CI) 1.88-30.88, p=0.004). Other significant maternal risk factors were the history of induced abortion, spontaneous abortion, and the experience of premature delivery. The risk ratios were 1.82, 2.07, 4.42, respectively. 3. Breech presentation did increase the risk of low birth weight infant delivery with premature rupture of membrane compared with control(Adjusted Odds ratio=2.66, 95% CI 1.35-5.26, p=0.005). 4. Mothers who had not taken antenatal care were having higher risk of low birth weight infant delivery with premature rupture of membrane against control(Adjusted odds ratio=1.73, 95% CI 1.19-2.53, p=0.004). These study results show that maternal factors such as the infection of genital organs during pregnancy, the history of induced abortion and breech presentation are significantly associated with the premature rupture of membrane in the low birth weight deliveries, and that most of these risk factors are controllable ones through proper antenatal cares.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 1992

The purposes of study were to investigate the prenatal psychological adaptation and the perception of birth experience, and to identify the relationship between them. The subjects consisted of 162 women who visited the obstetrical outpatient clinic for prenatal examinations and who delivered the in babies at SNUH during the period from June 20 to August 10, 1990. The tools used for measurement were Lederman's Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire and Marut & Mercer's scale of the Perception of Birth. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The orders and item means of psychosocial adaptation in pregnancy were the Acceptance of pregnancy(1.58). Identification of motherhood role(1.63). Relationship with husband(1.65) and Relationship with mother(1.67). The preparation for labor, concern for wellbeing of self and baby, and fear of pain, helplessness and loss of control were found to be less adaptive. 2. The level of the perception of the birth experience was mid-range(item mean : 3.22). The score of the perception of birth experience for primiparas was higher than for multiparas. However there was not a significant difference the groups. There were significant differences in the perception of the birth experience between certain general characteristics, namely, sex of the baby(p＜0.05), type of delivery(p＜0.005), and type of anesthesia(p＜0.005). 3. There were significant differences in the perception of the birth experience between the groups below the mean and above the mean of concerti for wellbeing of self and baby, Fear of pain, Helplessness and loss of control, Relationship with husband and Identification of motherhood role (p＜0.05). The perception of the birth experience was predicted by Fear of pain, Helplessness and loss of control (11%), Type of Delivery(6%), Concern for wellbeing of self and baby(3%), Preparation for labor(1%), sex of baby(1%), Relationship with mother(1%), Parity(1%) and Identification of motherhood role(1%). The Childbirth education should be revised to improve the psychosocial adaptation in pregnancy.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.212-216
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between maternal periodontal disease and the health status of newborns using Apgar scores. Methods: One hundred pregnant women with periodontal disease were included in the case series and 100 pregnant women without periodontal disease were placed in the control group, respectively. The periodontal parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), birth weight, and Apgar scores were recorded in both groups. T-tests and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to determine the birth weight odds ratio to analyze the relationship between the periodontal parameters of BOP, CAL, and PD on the one hand and an Apgar score of less than 7. An unpaired Student's t-test was used to analyze differences in means between the case and control groups using SPSS ver. 13. Results: The means of the ages, periodontal pocket depths, attachment loss, areas with BOP, Apgar score in the first 5 minutes and infant birth weight exhibited statistically significant differences between the case and control groups. The ratio of an Apgar score of <7 to periodontal disease was 3.14; the ratio of low birth weight risk in mothers with periodontal disease to that in mothers without periodontal disease was 2.74. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between the infant birth weight and BOP, CAL, and PD of the mother. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the Apgar score and BOP, CAL, and PD and also between the Apgar score and infant birth weight. Conclusions: The results of this study showed a significant relationship between periodontal disease and infant birth weight; in addition, there was a significant relationship between the periodontal indexes of BOP, CAL, and PD on the one hand and the Apgar score on the other.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.221-232
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and to describe characteristics of the birth experience assessment instrument. Methods: Literature related to the development of the birth experience assessment instrument was examined using a systematic review method. A literature search was conducted using the keywords as '[normal birth]; [$satisfac^*$ OR care quality]; [instrument OR scale] AND (development)' through PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and RISS. The search used quality appraisal through QUADAS (Quality Assessment of studies of Diagnostic Accuracy included Systemic reviews) yielding 17 records. Results: The birth experience assessment instrument was categorized for instrumental characteristics: birth satisfaction (n=8), perception of labor experience (n=5), and birth care quality assessment in normal and operative birth experiences (n=4). Important key elements for content characteristics were as follows: nursing practice (n=10), pain control (n=5), environment (n=5), participation (n=4), and support (n=4). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the birth experience instrument is appropriate for measuring quality of birth care in various clinical conditions. This review of the birth experience instrument reports that an appropriate psychometric tool for enhancing quality of birth care is important.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 1993

To find some involvement of environmental factors in autism, season of birth, birth order, and maternal age at birth of autistic children were investigated Total number of clinical outpatient autistic children was 357, which consisted of 319 male and 38 female, then male-to-female sex ratio was 8.4 to 1, and all subjects were born during $1986{\sim}1988.$ These data were compared with those of controlled general populations. The results were as follows : 1) In monthly and seasonal distributions of birth, autistic children were not different from normal control 2) Comparing with control group by Slater's and Greenwood-Yule's birth order calculation methods, there was no significant difference in birth order of autistic children 3) The maternal ages at birth in autistic group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<01) 4) High-risk pregnancies were significantly frequent in autistic group compared with control group(p<01)Our study supported the idea that at least some environmental factors, especially at-risk pregnancy, are involved in autism causation.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 1999

This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group Pretest-posttest design in quasi experimental basis and newly born premature infants from intensive care unit of G Medical University Hospital in Inchon Metropolitan were selected in two groups of 21 infants each. The first group for experimental and the other for control. Data has been collected form October 30, 1997 to August 29, 1998. For the experimental group tactile and kinesthetic stimulation was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00～ll:00 hours in the morning and 17:00～18:00 in the afternoon). As, a weight weighing instrument, electronic indicator scale(Cas Co. korea) was used. Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using x²-test, student t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. The result were as follow. 1. As for the daily weight gain, the experimental group showed first change in weight and this group also showed higher weight in the average weight than the control group. Statistically, however. there was no significant factor between the two groups. 2. In the correlation between general characteristics and weight gain, gestation Period. apgar score, admission Period before study, N.P.O. period after birth, recovery Period to birth weight showed statistical significance negative correlation with weight gam in the experimental group than control group. 3. In the factor with affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recovery period to birth weight and head circumference in the experimental group, control group showed recovery period to birth weight, N. P. O. period after birth. admission period before study, feeding amount, weight of study. In conclusion. the sensory stimulation in this study showed a Positive aspect through there was no statistical significance in the weight gam. Tn the correlation of general characteristics and weight gam showed statistical significance negative correlation The main factor which affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recover period to birth weight.