• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.40-48
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the usability of new powdered additives in the paperboard industry. We manufactured the powdered additives from peanut husks and garlic stems by grinding. The chemical composition, particle size, particle size distribution, and particle shape were investigated to identify the basic properties of the powdered raw materials. To determine the effect of the powdered additives on paper properties, handsheets were prepared by adding the powdered additives to the pulp slurry. The chemical composition, such as the contents of holocellulose, lignin, and ash, showed similar values to those of other biomass materials. The particles of peanut husk powder were irregularly shaped, smaller, and had a broader particle size distribution than those of the garlic stem powder, which had the fibril form. The particles of the two powdered raw materials showed a positioning of expansion in the fiber network, resulting in increased bulk and a loss of strength. Handsheets containing garlic stem particles were stronger than handsheets containing peanut husk particles. Finally, the new powdered additives are beneficial to the bulk of paperboard.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1998

Studies on the distribution and growth of the mud mussel, Musculista senhousia, were carried out in the mud-tidal flat near Mokpo from August 1996 to July 1997. The patch distribution of the mussel was observed in the middle part of the tidalflat during the study period. Annual mean density was 8,215${\pm}$1,394 ind./m2 and annual mean biomass was 1,966.43${\pm}$668.49 g TWwt/m2 in total wet weight, 760.04${\pm}$279.13 gMWwt/m2 in meat wet weight, 209.93 ${\pm}$ 49.41 gMDwt/m2 in meat dry weight, and 109.66${\pm}$58.78 gAFDW/m2 in ash-free dry weight. The monthly mean size of shell length varied from 11.00 mm to 16.97 mm. Relationship between shell length (SL) and shell height (SH) showed a positively significant regression (SH=0.482SL+0.791, R2=0.940, P<0.001). Regressions of total wet weight (TWwt) (TWwt=7.601${\times}$10-5SL3.052, R2=0.905, P<0.001), and meat wet weight (MWwt) (MWwt=1.127${\times}$10-5${\times}$SL3.404, R2=0.784, P<0.001) on shell length were positively allometric, with highly significant correlation coefficient. The relationships between SL and meat dry weight (MDwt), and AFDW were MDwt=9.813${\times}$10-6${\times}$SL2.928 (R2=0.421), and AFDW=1.015${\times}$10-5${\times}$SL2.922(R2=0.810), respectively. The condition factor of the mussel has been increased from March and formed a peak in July and August. It was sharply dropped in September. These results suggest that the gonadal development of the species commenced to be occurred in spring and that main spawning occurred between August and September.

• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the charateristics of environmental factors and the species compositions of phytoplanktons and periphytons in order to analyze the marine ecosystem (DOK1-3) with freshwater (Mul) in the coast of Dokdo. Mean values of conductivity (TSD) (44.3 mS cm–1), total dissolved solids (30.9 mg L–1), salinity (31.8 psu), total suspended solids (39.2 mg L–1), and ash-free dry matter (AFDM) (8.8 mg L–1) were higher in DOK1- 3 than those in Mul (3.2 mS cm–1, 2.3 mg L–1, 1.9 psu, 2.8 mg L–1 and 2.8 mg L–1, espectively), while mean amounts of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (7.5 μg P L–1) and soluble reactive silicon (SRS) (0.1 μg Si L–1) were significantly lower in DOK1-3 than those in Mul (117.3 μg P L–1 and 4,105 μg Si L–1, respectively). The phytoplanktons was a total of 59 species in Dokdo, which were composed of 1 species (1.7%) for Chrysophyceae, 43 species (72.9%) for Bacillariophyceae and 15 species (25.4%) for Dinophyceae. The biomass (Chl-a, phaeopigment and AFDM) of epilithic algae (ELA), epizooic algae (EZA) and epiphytic algae (EPA) were varied with the kinds of substrates (EPA > ELA > EZA) in the whole stations. Water environments was comparatively clean in the coast of Dokdo as comparing with those of the land. However, the monitoring of marine ecosystem in the Dokdo should be continued for species conservation according to the global warming by the climatic change.

• Carbon letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2009

Crushed, depitted peach stones were impregnated activated with 50% $H_3PO_4$ followed by pyrolysis at $500^{\circ}C$. Two activated carbons were produced, one under its own evolved gases during pyrolysis, and the second conducted with air flow throughout the carbonization stage. Physicochemical properties were investigated by several procedures; carbon yield, ash content, elemental chemical analysis, TG/DTG and FTIR spectra. Porosity characteristics were determined by the conventional $N_2$ adsorption at 77 K, and data analyzed to get the major texture parameters of surface area and pore volume. Highly developed activated carbons were obtained, essentially microporous, with slight effect of air on the porous structure. Oxygen was observed to be markedly incorporated in the carbon matrix during the air treatment process. Cation exchange capacity towards Cu (II) and Cd (II) was tested in batch single ion experimental mode, which proved to be slow and a function of carbon dose, time and initial ion concentration. Copper was up taken more favorably than cadmium, under same conditions, and adsorption of both cations was remarkably enhanced as a consequence of the air treatment procedure. Sequestration of the metal ions was explained on basis of the combined effect of the oxygen functional groups and the phosphorous-containing compounds; both contributing to the total surface acidity character.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.58-64
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• 2014

Management of organic waste such as livestock manure has been considered as very important issue in terms of the environment. The anaerobic digestion of livestock manure become more attractive treatment method and has been widely applied. In this work, the properties of the residue after the anaerobic digestion of livestock manure was evaluated for providing the basic data to develop new application. The lignin and the ash contents of the residue were much higher than those of other biomass such as wood. The components of the residue were also analyzed with SEM-EDS and Elemental Analyzer. The addition of the residue into the handsheet paper resulted in the higher bulk and he higher air permeability with the loss of the strength properties. The water holding capacity of the handsheet were increased until the 40 % addition of the residue.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.519-524
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• 1996

The kinetics of growing microalga, Spirulina platensis was investigated to treat swine wastes with optimum growth conditions. Temperature was varied from 15 to 40$\circ$C at three different light intensities, 6 W/m$^{2}$, 12 W/m$^{2}$ and 24 W/m$^{2}$. The specific growth rate was increased as temperature increased up to 30$\circ$C. The activation energy was estimated as 13.5 kcal/mol by an Arrhenius relationship. 0.24 (1/day) of specific growth rate was obtained from batch cultivation with 30% swine wastes, compared to 0.31 (1/day) from clean culture. It was found that Spirulina platensis was able to reduce 70-93% of PO$_{4}$$^{3-}$ -P, 67-93% of inorganic nitrogen, 80-90% of COD and 37-56% organic nitrogen by adding various concentrations of swine wastes for 12 days of batch cultivation. Rate constants for removing nitrates and phosphates in treating swine wastes were estimated as 0.17 (1/day) and 0.14 (1/day) in the first order reaction, respectively. 1.52 (g/L) of maximum cell density was maintained at 0.20 (1/day) of dilution rate in continuous culture, adding 20% swine wastes for 30 days. The chemical composition of the biomass obtained from the process showed 58.7% of protein, 11.0% of lipid and 15.6% of ash.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.67-74
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• 2012

Bio-char, obtained from biomass as a by-product of the pyrolysis process, is used successfully as a soil amendment and carbon sequester in this limited study. Recent and active research from literatures has extended the application of bio-char in the industry to promote sustainability and help mitigate the negative environmental impacts caused by carbon emissions. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of high-carbon bio-char as a carbon sequester and/or admixture in mortar and concrete to improve the sustainability of concrete. This paper presents the experimental results of an initial attempt to develop a cement admixture using bio-char. In particular, the effects of the water retention capacity of bio-char in concrete are investigated. The chemical and mechanical properties (e.g., the chemical components, microstructure, concrete weight loss, compressive strength and mortar flow) are examined using sample mortar mixes with varying replacement rates of cement that contains hardwood bio-char. The experimental results also are compared with mortar mixes that contain fly ash as the cement substitute.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.637-647
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• 2019

Objective: The study aimed at quantifying seasonal and spatial variations in availability and nutritive value of herbaceous vegetation on native pastures and supplement feedstuffs for domestic ruminants in Western Kenya. Methods: Samples of herbaceous pasture vegetation (n = 75) and local supplement feedstuffs (n = 46) for cattle, sheep, and goats were collected in 20 villages of three geographic zones (Highlands, Mid-slopes, Lowlands) in Lower Nyando, Western Kenya, over four seasons of one year. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), gross energy (GE), and minerals were determined. Apparent total tract organic matter digestibility (dOM) was estimated from in vitro gas production and proximate nutrient concentrations or chemical composition alone using published prediction equations. Results: Nutrient, energy, and mineral concentrations were 52 to 168 g CA, 367 to 741 g NDF, 32 to 140 g CP, 6 to 45 g EE, 14.5 to 18.8 MJ GE, 7.0 to 54.2 g potassium, 0.01 to 0.47 g sodium, 136 to 1825 mg iron, and 0.07 to 0.52 mg selenium/kg DM. The dOM was 416 to 650 g/kg organic matter but differed depending on the estimation method. Nutritive value of pasture herbage was superior to most supplement feedstuffs, but its value strongly declined in the driest season. Biomass yields and concentrations of CP and potassium in pasture herbage were highest in the Highlands amongst the three zones. Conclusion: Availability and nutritive value of pasture herbage and supplement feedstuffs greatly vary between seasons and geographical zones, suggesting need for season- and region-specific feeding strategies. Local supplement feedstuffs partly compensate for nutritional deficiencies. However, equations to accurately predict dOM and improved knowledge on nutritional characteristics of tropical ruminant feedstuffs are needed to enhance livestock production in this and similar environments.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2014

Biochar (BC) from biomass pyrolysis is a carbonaceous material that has been used to remove various contaminants in the environment. The eliminatory action for burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) as an invasive plant is being consistently carried out because of its harmfulness and ecosystem disturbance. In this study, burcucumber biomass was converted into BCs at different pyrolysis temperatures of 300 and $700^{\circ}C$ under a limited oxygen condition. Produced BCs were characterized and investigated to ensure its efficiency on antibiotics' removal in water. The adsorption experiment was performed using two different types of antibiotics, tetracycline (TC) and sulfamethazine (SMZ). For the BC pyrolyzed at a high temperature ($700^{\circ}C$), the values of pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of ash and carbon increased whereas the yield, mobile matter, molar ratios of H/C and O/C, and functional groups decreased. Results showed that the efficiency of BCs on antibiotics' removal increased as pyrolysis temperature increased from 300 to $700^{\circ}C$ (38 to 99% for TC and 6 to 35% for SMZ). The reaction of ${\pi}-{\pi}$ EDA (electron-donor-acceptor) might be involved in antibiotics' adsorption to BCs. BC has potential to be a superior antibiotics' adsorbent with environmental benefit by recycling of waste/invasive biomass.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.799-807
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• 2004

The objective of this field experiment was to investigate the growth, hay yield and chemical composition of cassava and stylo 184 grown under intercropping. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: sole crop cassava (C); sole crop stylo 184 (S) and three intercropping treatments comprising an additive series of one (SC), two (SSC) and three (SSSC) rows of stylo 184 to one row of cassava. The results showed that leaf area per plant (LA) of cassava was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the sole crop relative to the intercropping treatments. Both total hay yield and CPDM yield were significantly higher (p<0.05) for C treatment and lower (p<0.05) for SSSC treatment. The total hay yield and CPDM yield were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the sole crop relative to the intercropping treatments. At the first and second harvests, CP content was similar among treatments; while at third and fourth harvests, CP contents were significantly greater (p<0.05) for the intercropping treatment relative to the sole crop. At the first and second harvest, NDF contents were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the sole crop relative to the intercropping treatments, whereas NDF contents were similar among intercropping treatments. Leaf area of stylo 184 at first and second harvest were significantly greater (p<0.05) for C, SC and SSC as compared with the SSSC treatments. At each harvesting, there were no significant differences in ash, CP, NDF, ADF and ADL contents of stylo 184 hay between the sole crop and intercropping treatments, except for the first harvest. ADF contents were significantly greater (p<0.05) in S, SC treatments relative to SSC and SSSC treatments. Both collective hay yield and CPDM yield of cassava and stylo 184 were significantly greater (p<0.05) for the SSC treatment and significantly lower (p<0.05) for the S treatment. Collective hay yield and CPDM yield were significantly greater (p<0.05) for the intercropping treatments relative to the sole crop. Based on this research, it was concluded that stylo 184 showed potential for intercropping with cassava. Intercropping cassava with stylo 184 has beneficial effects and can improve foliage biomass yield and soil fertility, which would be a more sustainable system than growing the cassava as a pure stand. In terms of hay yield and CP production, two rows of stylo 184 to one row of cassava could be the optimal pattern for this intercropping system.