• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.15-32
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• 2006

Biomass had been attracted public attention as eco-friendly resource which not increases the greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide. In this study, it had been collected pyrolytic products such as bio-oil, char and pyrolytic gas from various biomass in a fluidized bed reactor which is one of the fast pyrolysis processes. To understand the characteristics of biomass pyrolysis, the variation of products yield and chemical composition was determined with various operating parameters like temperature, gas velocity($U_{0}/U_{mf}$) and bed height(L/D). In the optimum operating conditions, gas yield and water content was the lowest and concentration of guaiacols and syringols were the highest. The maximum yields of bio-oil was from 55% to 58% at $400^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2003

Transgenic rice plants expressing a Bacillus subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox), the last shared enzyme of the porphyrin pathway in the expressed cytoplasm or the plastids, were compared with non-trangenic rice plants in their growth characteristics such as tiller number, plant height, biomass, and yield. Transgenic rice plants of $\textrm{T}_3$ generation had 8 to 15 % and 25 to 43% increases in tiller number compared to non-transgenic rice plants at 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting(WAT); similar values were observed for $\textrm{T}_4$ generation at 4 and 8 WAT. However, the plant height in both $\textrm{T}_3$ and $\textrm{T}_4$ generations was similar between transgenic rice plants and non-transgenic rice plants at 4 and 8 WAT. Transgenic rice plants had 13 to 32% increase in above-ground biomass and 9 to 28% increase in grain yield compared to non-transgenic rice plants, demonstrating that biomass and yield correlate with each other. The increased grain yield of the transgenic rice plants was closely associated with the increased panicle number per plant. The percent of filled grain, thousand grains and spikelet number per panicle were similar between transgenic and non-transgenic rice plants. Generally, the growth and yield of transgenic generations ($\textrm{T}_2$, $\textrm{T}_3$, and $\textrm{T}_4$) and gene expressing sites (cytoplasm-expressed and plastid-targeted transgenic rice plants) were similar, although they slightly varied with generations as well as with gene expressing sites. The transgenic rice plants had promotive effects, indicating that regulation of the porphyrin pathway by expression of B. subtilis Protox in rice influences plant growth and yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.686-693
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• 2000

Biomass yield, nutritive value and nutrient utilization efficiency of different genera of duckweed (DW, Lemnaceae) under the same nutritional and management conditions were studied. Three genera of DW namely: Lemna perpusilla, Spirodela polyrhiza and Woljfia arrhiza, were cultivated in 18 plastic sinks each of $59{\times}54{\times}35cm^3$ size. Each sink contained approximately 80 L of water and was charged once with 6.648 kg of anaerobically fermented cow dung effluent. The seed rate for Spirodela, Lemna and Wolffia were 600, 400 and $600g/m^2$ respectively. Duckweed were harvested at 48 hours intervals. Media total N concentration for Lemna and Wolffia gradually increased with time. Growth of duckweed was measured by subtracting the inoculum from the total biomass production. Growth of Spirodela ceased within 4 days but Lemna and Wolffia continue to grow up to 34 days. Bio-mass yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Wolffia (906 kg/ha/d) than Lemna (631 kg/ha/d). Dry matter (DM) yield was very similar in Lemna (14.80 kg/ha/d) and Wolffia (14.57 kg/ha/d). The N content was non-significant higher in Lemna (5.45%) than Wolffia (5.00%) and Spirodela (4.6%). The crude protein (CP, $N{\times}6.25$) yield was non-significantly higher in Lemna (4.83 kg/ha/d) than Wolffia (4.32 kg/ha/d). The acid detergent fibre (ADF) content was the highest in Wolffia (28.59%), followed by Spirodela (19.47%) and Lemna (12.39%). Utilization efficiency of CP was 273 and 314% respectively for Wolffia and Lemna. However, similar efficiency values for Spirodela was only 1.5%. Considering the bio-mass yield, nutritive value and nutrient utilization efficiency, production performance of DW were in the order of Lemna>Wolffia>Spirodela under the present experimental conditions.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2010

In this study, we consider gas generation characteristics on pyrolysis of eco-fuel which were made by mixing of Pitch Pine and Lauan sawdust as biomass and polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene as municipal plastic wastes with catalyst in fixed bed reactor. From the result of higher heating value(HHV) measurement and of ultimate analysis, the heating value of plastic wastes and a hydrogen content in plastic sample are higher than biomass. An activation energy was reduced by a catalyst addition. However the catalyst content influence over 5 wt% was insignificant. The yield of hydrogen from gasification of biomass containing plastic wastes such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene were obtained higher than that of sole biomass. The high temperature and mixture ratio of catalyst conditions induced to high hydrogen yield in most of the samples. As the influence of catalyst, the hydrogen yield by catalytic reaction was higher than non-catalytic reaction. We confirmed that Ni-$ZrO_2$ catalyst is more active in increasing the hydrogen yield in comparison with that of carbonate catalyst. The maximum hydrogen yield was 65.9 vol.%(Pitch Pine / polypropylene / 20 wt.% Ni-$ZrO_2$(1:9) at $900^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.719-729
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• 2018

Green manure crops can be efficient replacements of high nutrient materials such as livestock compost, organic fertilizers, etc. in organic farming. Grass-legume mixtures or mixed cropping of legumes with non-legumes can aid in abating the shortcomings of each plant type under monoculture (i.e. legumes have low biomass yields while grasses are poor at fixing nitrogen). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of barley (B) and hairy vetch (H) mixtures on green manure yield in nutrient accumulated organic upland soils of Korea. In one cropping season, single crops of barley and hairy vetch (Barley: 160 kg/ha, Hairy vetch: 90 kg/ha) as well as mixtures of both crops at different seeding rates (B66:H33, B33: H66) were grown and the obtained results are as shown below. The biomass yield and nutrient productivities were higher in barley-hairy vetch mixture. The biomass yield and total phosphorus content were higher for the mixed crops by 78~132% and 200% respectively than those of the hairy vetch monoculture. Total nitrogen content of the mixed crops was also higher than those of the barley monoculture by 43~44%. The biomass yield (5.60 Mg/ha) and nutrient contents (87.7 kg N/ha, 23 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) were highest in the case of B66:H33 seeding rate. Accordingly, this study concludes that the barley-hairy vetch mixtures cropped at B66:H33 seeding rate is efficient in increasing green manure productivity due to complementary effects observed and the highest biomass yield and nutrient contents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1592-1598
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• 2008

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of cattle slurry on maize fodder (Zea mays) production. Maize fodder was produced at 4 cattle slurry levels $T_0$ (0 ton/ha), $T_1$ (10 ton/ha), $T_2$ (12 ton/ha) and $T_3$ (14 ton/ha) in a randomized block design. Agronomic characteristics, plant heights, circumference of stems, number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter yield of maize fodder were measured. Maize plant height and stem circumference were significantly (p<0.01) influenced by the increasing rate of cattle slurry at 15, 30, 45 and 56 days after sowing. Number of leaves of fodder plants was not significant but leaf area was significant (p<0.05) among the treatment groups. The highest biomass yield (p<0.01) of maize fodder was observed in $T_2$ (44.0 ton/ha). For crude protein content, a significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in the treatment groups and the highest value was observed in $T_2$ (11.99%). Organic matter content of maize fodder showed a significant difference but ash, ADF and NDF contents showed no significant differences among treatment groups. From this study it may be concluded that the application of 12 tons of cattle slurry/ha was optimal for production of biomass and nutrient content of maize fodder.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.153-157
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• 2019

Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential plant growth regulator that functions as a signaling molecule in plants. The purpose of this study was to clarify how the exogenous application of SA counteracts aluminum stress-induced growth and biomass yield reduction in alfalfa exposed to aluminum (Al) stress. Two-week-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to a combination of $AlCl_3$ ($0{\mu}M$, $50{\mu}M$ and $100{\mu}M$, respectively) and SA (0.1 mM) for 72 hours. We observed, Al stress-induced plant growth inhibition and forage yield reduction are Al stress-dependent manner. A significant reduction of plant height (42.0-52.9%), leaf relative water content (13.0-21.4%), root length (35.4-48.7%), shoot fresh weight (31.2-25.9%), root fresh weight (15.4-23.3%), shoot dry weight (12.7-22.2%), roots dry weight (47.3-53.5%), were observed in alfalfa. In contrast, SA alleviated the Al-stress and enhanced growth and biomass yield in alfalfa. This study provides useful information concerning the role of SA that counteracts aluminum stress-induced growth and yield reduction in alfalfa.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.181-194
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• 2015

In this work, an experimental study of the gasification on wood was carried out in downdraft type fixed bed Gasifier attached with 10 kW duel fuel diesel engine. The main objective of the study was to use wood as the biomass fuel for downdraft Gasifier and to evaluate the operating parameter of gasifier unit to predict its performance in terms of gas yield and cold gas efficiency. The influence of different biomass on fuel consumption rate, gas yield and cold gas efficiency was studied. Composition of producer gas was also detected for measuring the lower heating value of producer gas to select the feed stock so that optimum performance in the existing gasifier unit can be achieved. Under the experimental conditions, Lower heating value, of producer gas, cold gas efficiency and gas yields, using wood as a feed stock, are $4.85MJ/m^3$, 46.57% and $0.519m^3/kg$.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.458-463
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• 2000

Production of acetic acid from cellulosic biomass by Simultaneous Saccharification and Extractive Fermentation (SSEF) was investigated. The homoacetate organism used in this study was a strain of Clostridium thermoaceticum, ATCC # 49707. A batch operation of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation(SSF) using ${\alpha}$-cellulose at pH 5.5 and 55$^{\circ}C$ yielded 40% conversion of cellulose to acetic acid, while a fed-batch SSF operation produced a maximum acetic acid concentration of 25 g/L, with 50% overall yield. In-situ extractive fermentation to reduce the end-product inhibition on both bacteria and enzyme was carried out. in a batch SSEF using 200 g/L IRA-400 resin, acetic acid concentration reached to 23.9 g/L and acetic acid yield and productivity were observed to be 48% and 0.20 g/L-hr, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.639-643
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• 2007

The use of forest biomass resources produced by forest tending and residual forest biomass that was not gathered on commercial thinning or cutting area was estimated to be come into the spotlight as bioenergy sources in these days of new high oil price. With considering these problems, This study was investigated about possibility with biomass calculation and convertibility to fossil fuel in these area. Total forest tending area in the year 2005 was 294, 115 ha and the yield gathered from these area was $143,747m^3$. It is equivalent to biomass of 115,000 ton and caloric value of 533,199Gcal. However, the potential and additional yield that is residual in forest stands was 2,483,000 ton. It is equivalent to 11,133 billion won of oil which is 20 times of the actual yield produced by forest tending. Therefore, these amount of biomass has a substitution effect of the fossil fuel. Moreover, the residual biomass that is not gathered at commercial thinning and cutting area was 475,000 ton. It is equivalent to 2,206,235 Gcal of heating value and about 2,211 billion won of oil. This potential amount could be a new energy source to be a substitution effect of fossil fuel. It is time to be interested in the forest biomass as a renewable and environment-friendly resource and its substitution effect of fossil fuel.