• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.300-304
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• 2012

It has a limitation to satisfy the phosphorus effluent criteria of 0.2 mg/L which will be reinforced from 2012 with the Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) process. The chemical coagulation process has been operated in parallel with the biological treatment process for advanced treatment of phosphorous in the developed countries including Europe. However, the coagulation process has some disadvantages such as the desired goal may not be achieved without injecting the optimum dosage of the coagulant. This study developed the automatic control system to inject the optimum dosage of phosphorous coagulant into the coagulation process. The adopted coagulant was 10% Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) in this study. The automatic control system developed in this study was adopted for the treatment of the phosphorus from the effluent in SBR process. The automatic control system was composed of the data receiving part, the optimum coagulant dosage control part and the data transmit part. The result of the phosphorous advanced treatment of the SBR effluent using the automatic control system showed the removing efficiency over 95% consistently with the phosphorous concentration under 0.02 ~ 0.15 mg/L. The reproducibility analysis for checking the safety of automatic control system showed more than 95% correlation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.551-558
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• 2007

From the view point of biological wastewater treatment, C/N ratio is one of the most important factor in biological nutrient removal process. However, municipal sewage in Korea is characterized by extremely low content of carbon source and relatively higher portion of N source. Accordingly, it is necessary to dose external carbon source in order to obtain higher degree of carbon source within the process. In this study, the effects of pH pretreatment as an alternative plan for increasing carbon source on the cell disruption and COD solubility of waste activated sludge were conducted under well defined experimental conditions. During 5 hours, the value of COD solubilization rate ($S_R$) at pH 11.5 is approximately 4.4 times higher than the value of $S_R$ at pH 9.5. It is expected that the level of SCOD increased due to the result from cell disruption. However, VSS/TSS ratio was not significantly changed after 5 hours. As Alkalinity changes gradually from less than 15, 30 and 60 meq NaOH/L, average RBCOD/SCOD fraction showed 34, 36 and 45%,respectively.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

As the sequencing batch reactor process is a time-oriented system, it has advantages of the flexibility in operation for the biological nutrient removal. Because the sequencing batch reactor is operated in a batch system, respiration rate is more sensitive and obvious than in a continuous system. The variation of respiration rate in the process well represented the characteristics of biological reactions, especially nitrification. The respiration rate dropped rapidly and greatly with the completion of nitrification, and the maximum respiration rate of nitrification showed the activity of nitrifiers. This study suggested a strategy to control the aeration of the sequencing batch reactor based on respirometry. Aeration time of the optimal aerobic period required for nitrification was daily adjusted according to the dynamics of respiration rate. The aeration time was mainly correlated with influent nitrogen loadings. The anoxic period was extended through aeration control facilitating a longer endogenous denitrification reaction time. By respirometric aeration control in the sequencing batch reactor, energy saving and process performance improvement could be achieved.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.377-381
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• 2006

A study was carried out to determine a suitable light intensity and inoculum size for the growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain B1. The pollution reduction of sago effluent using free and immobilised R. palustris cells was also evaluated. The growth rate in glutamatemalate medium was highest at 4 klux compared to 2.5 and 3 klux. The optimal inoculum size was 10% (v/v). Both the COD and BOD of the sago effluent were reduced by 67% after three days of treatment. The difference in biomass production or BOD and COD removal with higher inoculum sizes of 15 and 20% was minimal. This could be attributed to limited nutrient availability in the substrate. The use of immobilised cells of R. palustris reduced the pollution load 10% less compared to pollution reduction by free cells. Hence, there was no significant difference in using free or immobilised cells for the treatment of sago effluent.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.417-430
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• 2009

A BNR comprehensive performance evaluation (BNR CPE) system was established employing system-oriented evaluation methodology for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes based on the CPE techniques developed by U.S. EPA for evaluation of conventional biological processes. The BNR CPE system applied to five domestic BNR plants adopting $A^2/O$ process confirmed that all target plants except the smallest one had not any serious defective performance and process stability was enhanced with increasing plant size. The system also clearly verified relatively poor performances in anoxic reactors without exception mainly due to influent carbon limit rather than functional defect. Consistent good performances were confirmed even during both winter season and wet weather generally known to be difficult to achieve satisfactory removals. Presentation of evaluation results by modified radar chart system simplified and clarified the evaluation and analysis procedures. The BNR CPE system could not only discover readily the causes of present and prospective poor performances but also facilitate the suggestion of their optimization options. Mutual effect and cause-and-effect among operation parameters and unit processes were also found easily using the evaluation system. The system justified that the adverse effect of defective operating parameters could be compensated by other favorable parameters, especially in anaerobic and anoxic reactors as well as during the winter season.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.815-821
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• 2011

This study aims to estimate the biological decomposition capacity of MPC(Microorganism Porous-Concrete). MPC has specific surface area formed by inside pores, and bio compound was added to those pores to reduce pollutants loading. To evaluate the water purification capacity of MPC, we carried out the comparative studies using different media types [GPC(General Porous-concrete), CPC(Compound porous-concrete), LPC(Lightweight aggregate porous-concrete)] under the condition of CFSTR, and different retention times (30, 60 and 120 min). We also estimated the purification capacity of MPC under different concentrations of pollutant loadings. The MPC showed higher efficiency in water purification function than other conventional porous concretes with efficient decrease rates of SS, BOD, COD, and nutrient concentrations. In the comparison experiment for different retention times, MPC showed the highest removal efficiency for all tested pollutants in the longest retention time(120 min). In the long period test, the removal efficiencies of MPC concrete were high until 100 days after the set up of the operation, but began to decrease. Outflow flux was invariable compared with inflow flux so that extra detention time for media fouling such as back washing is not needed. But the results suggested that appropriate management is necessary for long-term operation of MPC. As the final outcome, MPC using bio organisms is considered to be efficient for stream water purification when they used as substrates for artificial river structure.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.689-699
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• 2003

This study was to examine characteristics of treating toluene vapor, which gets to be problematic due to its harmful carcinogenicity and mass generation from various sources, through a biological treatment facility which is environment-friendly and adopts a high-efficient and low-cost clean technology. In order to identify whether Alnus Firma Fruit (AFF) can be used as a media for a bioreactor, its utility and basic operating factors, a study was conducted on pressure drop, supply of nutrient substances and retention time which are operating factors of a biofilter, and eliminating characteristics were compared between AFF and the conventional biological activatedcarbon (BAC) widely used as filter media. In the case of AFF, the initial microbial deposits was 2.3${\times}$10$^{7}$ CFU/g dry AFF, which represents the initial microbial density higher than the case of BAC showing 5.5${\times}$10$^{6}$ CFU/g dry BAC And it took about 2 weeks to acclimate until its eliminating rate got to be increased over 90%. As a result of comparing pressure loss taking place with the lapse of time between BAC and AFF, after 130 days passed at SV 25h$^{-1}$ , BAC showed that its eliminating efficiency had a tendency to drop greatly due to a great pressure loss (0.53\longrightarrow54.7 mm$H_2O$/m) caused by an excess of biomass as accumulated. On the other hand. AFF showed that the pressure drop was 0.53 mm$H_2O$/m, about 2 times as much as the initial pressure loss of 0.4 mm$H_2O$/m, which represents no great change in the pressure loss, and its eliminating efficiency was also shown to be continuously high. Therefore, when AFF was used as a filler for a biological treatment facility, a biological filter enabling improvement of the purifying efficiency to be promoted could be provided, and moreover, the pressure loss was so small that the filler replacement cycle or the back flushing cycle could be extended. So, even in terms of the operating cost, it was identified to be an economical filler When an inorganic material was used as a filler, the biofilters performance acted sensitively on whether nutrient substances were supplied or not. In the case of AFF with low adsorptivity, addition of ethyl-alcohol increased the solubility of toluene, and consequently, biodegradation got to be actively made by microbes, and thus, its eliminating rate could be increased. As the flow velocity and the inflow concentration got to be more increased, its eliminating rate got to be lower, and particularly, an increase in the flow velocity made its eliminating rate drop more greatly than an increase in the concentration.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1101-1106
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• 2006

생물학적 영양소 제거공정의 하수처리장에서 운전온도가 낮은 겨울철 기간중 사상성 미생물에 의한 Bulking 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 사상성 세균의 한 종류인 M. parvicella의 성장에 의한 Bulking 문제를 C시 하수처리장과 파일럿 시설을 이용하여 검토하였다. Full-scale 시설은 1일 처리용량이 $51,000m^3/d$이고 F/M비는 0.12 kgBOD/kgMLVSS/d이며 SRT는 25일 이상으로 운전되고 있었다. 본 시설은 2003년 생물학적 영양소 제거공정으로 전환된 이후 운전온도가 $15^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저온으로 운전될 때 Bulking과 그로 인해 반응조내 거품현상이 주기적으로 발생되어 왔다. 파일럿 플랜트는 Full-scale과 동일한 시스템 및 폐수를 이용하였으며 1일 처리용량은 3.8 톤이고 운전온도는 $10^{\circ}C$에서 $25^{\circ}C$이었으며 SRT는 10일에서 25일 사이로 운전되었다. Full-scale에서는 온도변화에 따른 M. parvicella 성장과 SVI 변화 양상이 검토되었다. 아울러 파일럿 시설에서는 DO와 SRT를 변화시키면서 그에 따른 Bulking 미생물의 성장과 SVI 변화 형태를 분석하였다. 3년간 Full-scale의 운전결과를 분석한 결과 여름철 기간은 SVI가 160 이하의 양호한 분포를 나타내는 가운데 M. parvicella에 의해 더 이상 침전효율이 저조한 결과를 나타내지 않고 있었다. 반면 낮은 운전온도에서는 SVI가 300 이상의 높은 값을 나타내었다. 본 연구결과 DO 농도를 2-4 mg/L로 운전하거나 SRT를 20일 이내로 유지하였을 경우 M. parvicella에 의한 Bulking 문제가 효과적으로 제어되었다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.147-152
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• 2004

선박에서 발생되는 오${\cdot}$폐수를 처리하기 위하여 생물학적 영양염류 제거공정에서 질소와 인 등의 제거효율은 유기물의 양과 구성성분에 따라 영향을 받는 경향이었다. 선박에서 발생되는 음식폐기물을 이용하여 생성된 산발효액을 이용하여 영양염류를 효율적으로 제거하기 위한 외부탄소원으로 사용하여 산발효액의 적용성을 평가하였다. 음식폐기물 산발효액의 탈질율을 평가한 결과 질산성 질소가 완전히 제거되는 시간은 140분이였고, 탈질속도는 0.30g $NO_3-N/g\;VSS{\cdot}day$로 나타났다. 산발효액의 주입으로 인하여 유출수 중의 $COD_cr$ 농도가 증가함을 알 수 있었는데 이것은 산발효액에 존재하는 유기물을 미생물이 다 이용하지 못하는 부분이 존재하고 주입량의 증가에 따른 유출수 중의 $COD_cr$ 농도를 증가시켰다. 암모니아성 질소의 성상은 산발효액의 첨가에 크게 영향을 받지 않았으며 산화된 질소의 변화는 산발효액 주입량이 증가할수록 무산소단계에서 농도가 감소하여 전체 제거효율이 증가함을 볼 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.642-649
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• 2007

The effectiveness of add-on tertiary treatment processes for the polishing of the effluent of a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system from a modified $A^2/O$ process has been examined under the field condition with pilot-scale plants. The add-on treatment processes of 1) combined biofilm anoxic reactor and sand filtration, and 2) two-stage denitrification filter had been operated with various operating conditions. The experimental results indicated that two-stage denitrification filter could produced a better polished tertiary effluent. Filtration rate of $150m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ for the 2-stage denitrifying filter could decrease the nitrate removal probably due to shorter detention time that caused insufficient reaction for denitrification. Two stage denitrification filter operated with M/N ratio of 3.0 and filtration rate of $100m^3/m^2{\cdot}d$ produced the tertiary effluent with nitrate and SS concentraitons of 2.8 mg/L and 2.3 mg/L, respectively. When the operating temperature reduced $30^{\circ}C$ to $18^{\circ}C$, $NO_3{^-}-N$ removal efficiency decreased from 73% to 68%.