• 보존과학연구
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• s.30
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• pp.157-170
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• 2009

We have evaluated the antifungal activities of oak vinegar to develop a natural biocide for organic cultural heritage. Fungi used in this study were screened from the cultural heritages, Kyujanggak and JanggyeongPanjeon and tested on organic substrates-degrading ability. In the results, 7 species of fungi have produced the extracellular enzymes to degrade CMC, xylan, lignin. Thus, we have used these seven species fungi to investigate the antifungal activity of oak vinegar in this study. In the result, the antifungal activity of oak vinegar indicated positive potencial. Especially, methylene chloride and ethylacetate fractions of the oak vinegar had high activities at the concentration of 5.0mg/disc. In these fractions, many different kinds of compounds such as phenolic and furfural, etc. were analyzed by GC-MS. The experiments indicated that the development of a biocide using natural extracts can have a potential to conserve of organic cultural heritages.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.21
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• pp.73-88
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• 2007

In this paper, the interaction between five biocides(commercial) and two ethylsilicate consolidants for stone monuments, reacted in different sequence, has been studied. Through the structures, weight and gelation time of mixture of biocides and consolidants have been evaluated the reactivity of biocide alone, the reactivity of consolidants and biocides, the reactivity of consolidants and dried biocide, and the reactivity of ethylsilicate gel and biocides. The tested biocides show quite different properties from those of consolidants; after evaporation, some biocides are remained white salt crystals, another need the long time for evaporation and one biocide shows pale brown color. The results have shown an interaction of the tested products each other in some application sequences of the products. When the application of liquid state biocides with consolidants, it was noted that some biocide seem to interfere with the formation of gel due to reaction of consolidants and water and salts in biocides. In the reaction of ethylsilicate with dried biocides have shown a heterogenous gel(transparent layer with ethylsilicate alone and white layer which is mixed biocide and ethylsilicate) and many cracks in product due to the different shrinkage, thus the products don't play a role as consolidants. There is no change in structures and color in reaction of the gas state biocide and ethylsilicate gel.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.100-103
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• 2005

Lichens play an important role in breaking down rocks physically and chemically. Physical weathering occurs mechanically through hyphae and rhizines growing into the rocks. Lichen substances such as oxalic acid, acidic polysaccharides and depsides may assist altering rocks chemically. These actions partly contribute to soil formation but prove harmful for the substratum. Some people do not like to keep lichens on stained glassof churches or on gravestones mainly because of its unglamorous appearance. A biocide, 'Koretrel', is very effective in removing lichens and blue-green algae from the surface of concrete. After spraying 'Koretrel' in the open air, lichens (Caloplaca sp., Endocarpon petrolepideum, Physciella melanchra, Phaeophyscia hispidula, etc.) growing on buildings died within three months and peeled off fromthe substratum. One year after treatment, concrete surfaces were almost lichen free for three or four years. The biocide makesuse of a kind of lichen substance and harmless both for substances and environment. Our recent experiments show that it is also useful for water grasses growing on the surface of an aqueduct of a hydroelectric power station.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.115-122
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• 2000

Biocides, or non-agricultural pesticides, are a broad class of chemical. They are including biological agents used to disinfect/sanitize, pesticides for non-agricultural use, wood preservatives, antifoulants, etc. Since the early 1980s, many adverse effects of biocides to human health and ecosystem have been found in the world. Especially, antifouling biocide like TBT caused serious toxic effects on the marine organisms. Therefore, OECD began to work on biocides in mid 1996 to help Member countries co-operate in the assessment and registration of these products. EU also announced the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD, 98/8/EC) in 1998 to harmonize regulatory approaches to allow EU countries to conduct evaluations of biocides more efficiently. Korea just start to consider of biocides regulation. Some biocides products are regulated, but not all the biocides which are using in Korea. Therefore, we need to make a appropriate regulation for the all biocides categories. In addition, there are necessary to develop risk assessment tools, to survey the use pattern and amount, to research on the ecosystem contamination by the biocides .

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.67-71
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• 2006

Strong oxidizing biocides are commonly used to control biofilm formation in alkaline papermaking systems. However, paper streams contain many substances that react with or consume oxidizers (e.g., fiber and starch, Therefore, to achieve effective microbiological control, the oxidizer must be overfed to overcome the effect of these substances. When dosed in this manner, the oxidizer can cause many unwanted reactions and adverse side effects, including the consumption of costly papermaking additives increased corrosion rates, and reduced felt life. Some oxidizers also contribute to the formation of halogenated organic compounds. When used for biofilm control, strong oxidizers can cause more problems than they remedy. A patented biocide that effectively controls biofilm without the adverse side effects associated with strong oxidizing biocides is available from Hercules. $Spectrum^{(R)}$ XD3899 Ammonium Bromide Technology, which can be described as a mild oxidizer, is currently used on more than 300 machines globally and has resulted in numerous production and/or machine efficiency records since its introduction in 2001.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2016

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system was applied to the treatment and reclamation of textile wastewater in Thailand. An experiment was carried out to determine the fouling behavior and effect of anti-scalant and biocide addition to flux decline and its recovery through chemical cleaning. The RO unit was operated for one month after which the fouled membranes were cleaned by sequential chemical cleaning method. RO flux was found rapidly declined during initial period and only slightly decreased further in long-term operation. The main foulants were organic compounds and thus sequential cleaning using alkaline solution followed by acid solution was found to be the most effective method. The provision of anti-scalant and biocide in feed-water could not prevent deposition of foulant on the membrane surface but helped improving the membrane cleaning efficiencies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.65-67
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• 2014

There are many elastomeric joint sealant applications in construction such as structural glazing, weatherproofing and insulating glass fabrication etc. Each sealant joints require unique durability functions to perform well through building life cycle. Elastomeric joints in bathroom and kitchen is one of areas which require durable sealing. In this application, anti fungal durability is proprietary function of sealant during building life cycle. Premature failure of anti fungus resistance of sealant is putting big stresses to general contractor as well as the inhabitants due to costly rework and poor sanitation. Accordingly, when chemists design a product, they must take into account various parameters not only formulation components also test conditions in order to have long term fungal durability. This paper reviews several biocide options with various industry standards for fungus resistance performance to suggest making new test method for construction sealant industry.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2015

Interest and great demand for blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) have increased, as V. corymbosum is now one of the most economically important crops in Korea. It is expected that blueberry production and the area planted for cultivation will increase consistently in the years ahead because of high profitability and the consumer's demand for healthy ingredients. Effective mass production of blueberry is urgently needed for commercial cultivation establishment, but a main limitation is lack of a propagation system that produces a disease-free plant material for commercial plantation. A large amount of research has focused entirely on developing tissue culture techniques for blueberry propagation. However, controlling fungal and bacterial contamination of woody plant material is extremely difficult. Our study was conducted to investigate the effect of biocide addition during the in vitro culture of blueberry on plantlet growth and contamination occurrence. Four biocides, including Plant Preservative Mixture ($PPM^{TM}$), vancomycin, nystatin and penicillin G, were used in varying concentrations during the in vitro propagation of blueberry. When nystatin was added into the medium at low concentrations, the overall growth of blueberry plantlets was retarded. Addition of vancomycin and penicillin G in high concentrations decreased contamination but induced plantlet mortality. On the other hand, when 1ml/L $PPM^{TM}$ was added, the growth characteristics of blueberry plantlets did not significantly differ from non-treatment (control), and the contamination occurrence rate was very low. From these results, we found that the addition of the appropriate biocide could provide an effective method to reduce contamination in the culture process, thereby raising in vitro production efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.389-395
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• 2019

In this study, we aimed to assess the toxicity of biocide present in antifouling paint on embryos of sea urchin, Mesocentrotus nudus. Three types of biocide (Sea-nine 211, Diuron, and Irgarol 1051) were selected for the exposure experiment. The EC₅₀ of Sea-nine, Diuron, and Irgarol on the fertilization rate of sea urchin were 32.8 ㎍ L^-1, 7,975 ㎍ L^-1 and 6,995 ㎍ L^-1, respectively. The EC₅₀ of Sea-nine, Diuron, and Irgarol on the development rate of sea urchin were 31.6 ㎍ L^-1, 3,044 ㎍ L^-1, and 2,267 ㎍ L^-1, respectively. The highest toxicity was observed in the presence of Sea-nine.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.393-397
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• 2003

The effect of corrosion inhibitors on antimicrobial activity of biocides (Kathon 886 MW, Triadine 3, Triadine 10 and Grotan BK) was investigated using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa which frequency of occurrence in contaminated fluids is very high and its growth and survival is excellent. When a biocide was used with a corrosion inhibitor, the antimicrobial activity of it was affected by the corrosion inhibitor used. The antimicrobial activity of Kathon 886 MW increased when corrosion inhibitor (each of SS 510, MEA) was used. Triadine 3, Triadine 10, Grotan BK showed the similar trend of antimicrobial effect for the corrosion inhibitors used. Their antimicrobial activities increased when the corrosion inhibitor such as CP-105, CP-E-7 and MEA was used individually. The antimicrobial activity of each corrosion inhibitor was also compared. The results showed that CP-E-7 and MEA was bioresistant and the other corrosion inhibitors were biosupportive. The antimicrobial activity of biocides was in the order of Triadine 10 < Triadine 3 < Kathon 886 MW < Grotan BK.