• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.377-384
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• 2000

Background: Numerous studies of safe, long term preservation for lung transplantation have been performed using ex vivo models or in vivo single lung transplantation models. However, a safe preservation time which is applicable for clinical use is difficult to determine. We prepared LPDG solution for lung preservation study. In this study we examined the efficacy of LPDG(low potassium dextran glucose) solution in 24-hour lung preservation by using a sequential bilateral canine lung allotransplant model. Material and Method: Seven bilateral lung transplant procedures were performed using weight-matched pairs(24 to 25kg) of adult mongrel dogs. The donor lungs were flushed with LPDG solution and maintained hyperinflated with 100% oxygen at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for a planned ischemic time of 24 hours for the lung implanted first. After sequential bilateral lung transplantation, dogs were maintained on ventilators for 3 hours: arterial resistance were determined if the recipients hourly after bilateral reperfusion and compared with pretransplant-recipient values, which were used as controls. After 2hours of reperfusion, the chest X-ray, computed tomogram and lung perfusion scan were performed for assessmint of early graft lung function. Pathological examinations for ultrastructural findings of alveolar structure and endothelial structure of pulmonary artery were performed. Result: Five of seven experiments successfully finished the whole assessments after bilateral reperfusion for three hours. Arterial oxygen tension in the recipients was markedly decrased in immediate reperfusion period but gradually recovered after reperfusion for three hours. The pulmonary artery and pulmonary vascular resistance showed singificant elevation(p<0.05 versus control values) but also recovered after reperfusion for three hours(p<0.05 versus immediate period value). The ultrastructural findings of alveolar structure and endothelial structure of pulmonary artery showed reversible mild injury in 24 hours of lung perservation and reperfusion. Conclusion : This study suggests that LPDG solution provides excellent preservation in a canine model in which the dog is completely dependent on the function of the transplanted lung.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.456-462
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• 2001

Objective : Although cingulotomy has been applied to patients with affective disorders more frequently, there are numerous reports of its use for the control of severe pain. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of stereotactic bilateral anterior cingulotomy for intractable cancer pain. Method : Between January and June, 2000, we underwent stereotactic bilateral anterior cingulotomy in 6 patients for intractable cancer pain with poor response to opioids. The patients were suffering from widespread musculoskeletal or visceral pain. We made four lesions along the two tracks on either side of the cingulate cortex. Result : In all patients, pain reliefs after cingulotomy were dramatic and immediate. Five out of six patients did not require any opioids and one patient could reduce dose of opioids. There were no deaths or serious complications related to the procedure. Conclusion : These results suggested that a bilateral anterior cingulotomy might be useful method to control intractable cancer pain associated with the widespread metastatic disease. To provide rationale of bilateral anterior cingulotomy in intractable cancer pain, the theoretical mechanisms and role of bilateral anterior cingulotomy are discussed, along with our surgical techniques and the course of our patients.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the effectiveness of Offcial Development Assistance (ODA) in recipient countries' economy. ODA is designed to mitigate poverty and stimulate economic growth in the developing countries. We classify total ODA into bilateral ODA and multilateral ODA depending on the number of donor countries. If the ODA flows from one donor country to one recipient country, it is classified as bilateral ODA. If the multiple countries simultaneously become donor countries through the international organizations such as United Nations and World Bank, it is classified as multilateral ODA. This paper compares the effect of bilateral ODA and multilateral ODA in determining recipient countries' economic development, and tries to provide policy implications to Korean ODA. Research design, data, and methodology - Our primary explanatory variables are bilateral and multilateral ODA. Private credit in recipient countries is adopted as additional explanatory variables to capture the level of financial development in recipient countries. We measure the ODA effectiveness using economic growth and quality of life of the recipient countries as the dependent variable. We collect 142 recipient countries' data from OECD statistics, during the period from 1970-2014. Panel least squares estimation with country fixed effect is employed as the empirical model. Results - Our results support that ODA variable has a negatively significant impact on recipient countries' economic growth, while it is positively correlated with human development index. Recipient countries' private credit is positively correlated with economic growth and human development index. The interaction variable of ODA and financial development turns out to be significant in general. We find that the positive effect of ODA depends on recipient countries' financial market development and this effect is stronger in multilateral aid than bilateral one. Conclusions - From the analysis, we have confirmed that the recipient countries financial development is the necessity condition to achieve positive effect of ODA. Based on these results, we suggest that Korean government should increase the share of multilateral funding and pay attention to recipient countries' financial market development to maximize the effectiveness of ODA.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.756-763
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• 2013

Bilateral filter (BF), functioning by two Gaussian filters, domain and range filter is a nonlinear filter for sharpness enhancement and noise removal. In infrared (IR) small target detection field, the BF is designed by background predictor for predicting background not including small target. For this, the standard deviations of the two Gaussian filters need to be changed adaptively in background and target region of an infrared image. In this paper, the proposed bilateral filter make the standard deviations changed adaptively, using variance feature of mean values of surrounding block neighboring local filter window. And, in case the variance of mean values for surrounding blocks is low for any processed pixel, the pixel is classified to flat background and target region for enhancing background prediction. On the other hand, any pixel with high variance for surrounding blocks is classified to edge region. Small target can be detected by subtracting predicted background from original image. In experimental results, we confirmed that the proposed bilateral filter has superior target detection rate, compared with existing methods.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.460-464
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• 2015

Objective : Bilateral C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screw fixation (C1LM-C2P) is an ideal technique for correcting atlantoaxial instability (AAI). However, the inevitable situation of vertebral artery injury or unfavorable bone structure may necessitate the use of unilateral C1LM-C2P. This study compares the fusion rates of the C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screw in the unilateral and bilateral methods. Methods : Over five years, C1LM-C2P was performed in 25 patients with AAI in our institute. Preoperative studies including cervical X-ray, three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), CT angiogram, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed. To evaluate bony fusion, measurements of the atlanto-dental interval (ADI) and CT scans were performed in the preoperative period, immediate postoperative period, and postoperatively at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results : Unilateral C1LM-C2P was performed in 11 patients (44%). The need to perform unilateral C1LM-C2P was due to anomalous course of the vertebral artery in eight patients (73%) and severe degenerative arthritis in three patients (27%). The mean ADI in the bilateral group was 2.09 mm in the immediate postoperative period and 1.75 mm in 12-months postoperatively. The mean ADI in the unilateral group was 1.82 mm in the immediate postoperative period and 1.91 mm in 12-months postoperatively. Comparison of ADI measurements showed no significant differences in either group (p=0.893), and the fusion rate was 100% in both groups. Conclusion : Although bilateral C1LM-C2P is effective for AAI from a biomechanical perspective, unilateral screw fixation is a useful alternative in patients with anatomical variations.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.520-530
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of occupation-based bilateral upper extremity training and transcranial direct current stimulation on upper limb function in stroke patients. The study group was divided into 13 experimental groups with occupation-based bilateral upper extremity training and transcranial direct current stimulation, and 13 controls with only occupation-based bilateral upper extremity training. A total of 4 weeks, 50 minutes, 5 times a week conducted, the patients were tested with Canadian Occupational Performance Measure(COPM), Accelerometer, Fugle-Meyer Assessment(FMA), and Motor Activity Log(MAL). As a result of the study, the experimental group and the control group showed significant improvement in both occupation satisfaction and performance, usage of the affected side and the tendon side, recovery of upper limb function, and quality of movement, In particular, the experimental group showed a significant difference in the amount of the affected side than the control group. Therefore, it was found that the combination of occupation-based bilateral upper extremity training and transcranial direct current stimulation had a positive effect on the recovery of upper limb function in stroke patients.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2020

The coexistence of craniofacial cleft and bilateral choanal atresia has only been reported in three cases in the literature, and only one of those cases involved a Tessier number 3 facial cleft. It is also rare for bilateral choanal atresia to be found in adulthood, with 10 previous cases reported in the literature. This report presents the case of a 19-year-old woman with a Tessier number 3 facial cleft who was diagnosed with bilateral choanal atresia in adulthood. At first, the diagnosis of bilateral choanal atresia was missed and septoplasty was performed. After septoplasty, the patient's symptoms did not improve, and an endoscopic examination revealed previously unnoticed bilateral choanal atresia. Computed tomography showed left membranous atresia and right bony atresia. The patient underwent an operation for opening and widening of the left choana with an image-guided navigation system (IGNS), which enabled accurate localization of the lesion while ensuring patient safety. Postoperatively, the patient became able to engage in nasal breathing and reported that it was easier for her to breathe, and there were no signs of restenosis at a 26-month follow-up. The patient was successfully treated with an IGNS.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.197-200
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• 2008

Purpose: A congenital lacrimal sac fistula is unusual and consists of a dimple opening below the medial canthal tendon that leads to the lacrimal sac. This anlage ducts occur when the lacrimal anlage cells proliferate and canalize rather than involute. And, the anomaly is usually not associated with any systemic abnormalities. Also congenital cleft of the earlobes is rarely seen among congenital ear anomalies. Therefore, we report rare case with symptomatic bilateral lacrimal fistula with the ear cleft. Methods: A 4-year-old boy was admitted with aggravated chronic maxillary sinusitis, recurrent chronic dacryocystitis, and epiphora. He had two minor anomalies including bilateral lacrimal fistula originated in lacrimal tear sac and unilateral transverse ear cleft. The patient had been operated with fistulectomy and perioperative antibiotics. A small vertical ellipse is made around the opening with sharp dissection. The tract is excised using the probe as the guide. Another probe is placed through the lower canaliculus to prevent the damage. A suture ligature of 6-0 Maxon is placed around the deepest point of the tract, which is then excised. Additional sutures are placed in the tissues to form a tight closure to prevent reestablishment of the fistula. The skin is closed with 6-0 Black Silk. Results: The patient recovered well without any complications such as infection, epiphora, and obstruction of lacrimal sac. Conclusion: Our case illustrates bilateral lacrimal anlage ducts in a patient with unilateral congenital ear cleft. We recommend careful evaluation of lacrimal system in these patients, especially bilateral case and other congenital anomalies. Finally, we recommend excision of the ducts when epiphora, infection, or chronic skin irritation occur.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to identify influence that eye movement have an effect on postural control and balance performance by plegia side of the impaired patients of central nervous system. Subjects are patients with the impairment of central nervous system and experimental and control groups are forty people and thirty people seperatively, Total subjects were selected to seventy persons, but twelve persons of experimental group quit during the experimental periods and eight persons of control group did not measure after exercise. Therefore, twenty eight persons of experimental group and twenty two persons of control group were selected in this study and experimental group peformed eye movement for eight weeks according to the exercise program of this study. The measurement of dependent variable is right static balance, left static balance, bilateral static balance, and bilateral dynamic balance before exercise and after eighth week of exercise, examiner again measured and analyzed the results. The results were as follows: 1. As the result of comparing balance performance ability after test of the experimental and control group with right hemiplegia and control group, all of static balance performance ability of right side (p < 0.01), static balance performance ability of left side (p < 0.01), static balance performance ability of bilateral side(p < 0.01), dynamic balance performance ability of bilateral side(p < 0.05) of experimental group were statistically greater improved than those of the control group. 2. As the result of comparing balance performance ability after test of the experimental and control group with left hemiplegia and control group, all of static balance performance ability of right side (p < 0.01), static balance performance ability of left side (p < 0.01), static balance performance ability of bilateral side(p < 0.05), dynamic balance performance ability of bilateral side(p < 0.05) of experimental group were statistically greater improved than those of the control group.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.190-197
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• 2012

Background : This article presents long-term outcomes after correcting secondary bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities using a refined reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty or in combination with a composite graft in order to elongate the short columella. Methods : A total of forty-six patients underwent surgery between September 1996 and December 2008. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 19 years of age. A bilateral reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty were used in 24 patients. A composite graft from the helical root was combined with a bilateral reverse-U incision in the 22 patients who possessed a severely shortened columella. The follow-up period ranged between 2 and 10 years. Results : A total of 32 patients out of 46 were evaluated postoperatively. The average columella length was significantly improved from an average of 3.7 mm preoperatively to 8.5 mm postoperatively. The average ratio of the columella height to the alar base width was 0.18 preoperatively and 0.29 postoperatively. The postoperative basal and lateral views revealed a better shape of the nostrils and columella. The elongated columella, combined with a composite graft, presented good maintenance of the corrected position with no growth disturbance. A composite graft showed color mismatching in several patients. Twenty-six patients demonstrated no alar-columella web deformity and satisfactory symmetry of the nostrils. Four patients experienced a drooping and overhanging of the corrected alar-columella web. Conclusions : A bilateral reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty or in combination with a composite graft was effective in correcting secondary bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity.