• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.521-526
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• 1999

It was investigated that traps were generated inside of the oxide and at the oxide interfaces by the stress bias voltage. The charge state of the traps can easily be changed by application of low voltage after the stress high voltage. It determined to the relative traps locations inside the oxides ranges from 113.4$\AA$to 814$\AA$ with capacitor areas of $10^{-3}{$\mid$textrm}{cm}^2$. The traps are charged near the cathode with negative charge and charged near the anode with positive charge. The oxide charge state of traps generated by the stress high voltage contain either a positive or a negative charge.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43.3-44
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• 2015

We analyze the clustering of large scale structure in the Universe in a model independent method, accounting for anisotropic effects along and transverse to the line of sight. A large sample of 690,000 galaxies from The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopy Survey Data Release 11 are used to determine the Hubble expansion H, angular distance D_A, and growth rate GT at an effective redshift of z=0.57. After careful bias and convergence studies of the effects from small scale clustering, we find that cutting transverse separations below 40 Mpc/h delivers robust results while smaller scale data leads to a bias due to unmodelled nonlinear and velocity effects. The converged results are in agreement with concordance LCDM cosmology, general relativity, and minimal neutrino mass, all within the $68{\backslash}%$ confidence level. We also present results separately for the northern and southern hemisphere sky, finding a slight tension in the growth rate -- potentially a signature of anisotropic stress, or just covariance with small scale velocities -- but within $68{\backslash}%$ CL.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.385-397
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• 2016

The stress-strength models have been intensively investigated in the literature in regards of estimating the reliability ${\theta}$ = P(X > Y) using parametric and nonparametric approaches under different sampling schemes when X and Y are independent random variables. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating ${\theta}$ when (X, Y) are dependent random variables with a bivariate underlying distribution. The empirical and kernel estimates of ${\theta}$ = P(X > Y), based on bivariate ranked set sampling (BVRSS) are considered, when (X, Y) are paired dependent continuous random variables. The estimators obtained are compared to their counterpart, bivariate simple random sampling (BVSRS), via the bias and mean square error (MSE). We demonstrate that the suggested estimators based on BVRSS are more efficient than those based on BVSRS. A simulation study is conducted to gain insight into the performance of the proposed estimators. A real data example is provided to illustrate the process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.153-158
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• 2004

The coupling phenomenon between stress and magnetic induction, known as magnetostriction, has been successfully applied to generate and measure elastic waves. Most applications of this phenomenon thus far, however, are rather limited to cylindrical ferromagnetic waveguides. The main objective of this work is to develop a new patch-type, orientation-adjustable magnetostrictive transducer that is applicable for non-cylindrical, non-ferromagnetic waveguides. The existing patch-type transducer consisting of a ferromagnetic patch and a racetrack coil is useful to generate elastic waves only in one specific direction once the patch is bonded to a test specimen. However, the proposed transducer can transmit and receive elastic waves in any direction only with one patch at a given location. The proposed magnetostrictive transducer consists of a circular nickel patch, a figure-of-eight coil, and a couple of bias permanent magnets. Because of the unique configuration of the transducer, the propagating direction of the generated waves can be freely controlled since the set of bias magnets and the coil is not bonded to the magnetostrictive patch. In this work, the characteristics of the proposed transducer were investigated experimentally.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

The reset operation of a CCD image sensor was improved using charge trapping of a MOS structure to realize a loe voltage driving. A DC bias generating circuit was added to the reset structure which sets reference voltage and holds the signal charge to be detected. The generated DC bias is added to the reset pulse to give an optimized voltage margin to the reset operation, and is controlled by adjustment of the threshold voltage of a MOS transistor in the circuit. By the pulse-type stress voltage applied to the gate, the electrons and holes were injected to the gate dielectrics, and the threshold voltage could be adjusted ranging from 0.2V to 5.5V, which is suitable for controlling the incomplete reset operation due to the process variation. The charges trapped in the silicon nitride lead to the positive and negative shift of the threshold voltage, and this phenomenon is explained by Poole-Frenkel conduction and Fowler-Nordheim conduction. A CCD image sensor with $492(H){\;}{\times}{\;}510(V)$ pixels adopting this structure showed complete reset operation with the driving voltage of 3.0V. The resolution chart taken with the image sensor shows no image flow to the illumination of 30 lux, even in the driving voltage of 3.0V.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.287-291
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• 2003

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BONT/A) is an extremely potent toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. The light chain of this protein (BONT/A LC), which is known as a zinc endopeptidase, cleaves SNAP-25 involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the expression of recombinant BoNT/A LC in E. coli is described. The BONT/A LC gene of C. botulinum contains a high frequency of the arginine AGA and isoleucine ATA codons that are rarely used in genes of E. coli, hampering the translation of recombinant protein. The argD and ilex tRNA genes were cloned into pACYC184 vector, resulting in pAAD131X plasmid. The translational stress of the toxin gene related to codon bias was reversed by fupplernentation of the AGA arginyl tRNA of T4 phage and AUA isoleucyl tRNA of E. coli. This system may be applicable for the expression of a variety of AT-rich heterologous genes in E. coli.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.293-299
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• 2015

In this study, nitrogen ions were implanted into STS 316L austenitic stainless steel by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve the corrosion resistance. The implantation of nitrogen ions was performed with bias voltages of -5, -10, -15, and -20 kV. The implantation time was 240 min and the implantation temperature was kept at room temperature. With nitrogen implantation, the corrosion resistance of 316 L improved in comparison with that of the bare steel. The effects of nitrogen ion implantation on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of the specimen were investigated by the potentiodynamic polarization test, which was conducted in a 0.5 M $H_2SO_4$ solution at $70^{\circ}C$. The phase evolution and texture caused by the nitrogen ion implantation were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer. It was demonstrated that the samples implanted at lower bias voltages, i.e., 5 kV and 10 kV, showed an expanded austenite phase, ${\gamma}_N$, and strong (111) texture morphology. Those samples exhibited a better corrosion resistance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.619-629
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was a systematic review to evaluate the effects of aromatherapy on menopausal symptoms, perceived stress and depression in middle aged-women. Methods: Eight databases were searched from their inception September 8, 2015. Two reviewers independently performed the selection of the studies, data abstraction and validations. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane criteria. For analysis of the data, a meta-analysis of the studies was performed. Results: From the electronic databases, 73 articles were selected, and 19 removed due to duplication. After two reviewers read the abstracts of 54 studies, 34 studies were selected. Complete papers for 34 s were read and, 12 studies which met selection criteria were reviewed and the effects of aromatherapy on menopausal symptoms, stress and depression analyzed using meta-analysis with RevMan. In the 2 studies which included Randomized Controlled Trials testing of aromatherapy on menopausal symptoms and comparison of control and placebo groups were done. Aromatherapy massage was favorably effective in reducing the menopausal symptoms compared to the control group (n=118, MD=-6.33; 95% CI -11.51 to -1.15), and compared to the placebo group (n=117, MD=-4.14; 95% CI -7.63 to -0.64). Also aromatherapy was effective in reducing stress (n=72, SMD=-0.64; 95% CI -1.12 to -0.17) and depression (n=158, MD=-5.63; 95% CI -10.04 to -1.22). Conclusion: There is limited evidence suggesting that aromatherapy for middle-aged women may be effective in controlling menopausal symptoms, perceived stress and depression.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.1A
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• pp.80-86
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• 2010

This work has been measured and analyzed the device degradation of NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instability) stress induced the increase of gate-induced-drain-leakage(GIDL) current for p-MOS transistors of gate channel length 0.13 [${\mu}m$]. From the relation between the variation of threshold voltage and subthreshold slop by NBTI stress, it has been found that the dominant mechanism for device degradation is the interface state generation. From the GIDL measurement results, we confined that the EHP generation in interface state due to NBTI stress led to the increase of GIDL current. As a results, one should take care of the increased GIDL current after NBTI stress in the ultra-thin gate oxide device. Also, the simultaneous consideration of reliability characteristics and dc device performance is highly necessary in the stress parameters of nanoscale CMOS communication circuit design.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2007

In this study we investigated the oxygen effect on the nucleation and its residual stress during unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Up to 0.5% in oxygen flow rate, cubic phase (c-BN) was dominated with extremely small fraction of Hexagonal phase (h-BN) of increasing trend with oxygen concentration, whereas hexagonal phase is dominated beyond 0.75% flow rate. Interestingly, the residual stress in cubic-phase-dominated films was substantially reduced with small amount of oxygen (${\sim}0.5%$) down to a low value comparable to the h-BN case. This may be because oxygen atoms break B-N $sp^3$ bonds and make B-O bonds more favorably, increasing $sp^2$ bonds preference, as revealed by FTIR and NEXAFS. It was confirmed by experimental facts that the threshold bias voltage for nucleation and growth of cubic phase were increased from -55 V to -70 V and from -50 V to -60 V respectively. The reduction of residual stress in O-added c-BN films is seemingly resulting from the microstructure of the films. The oxygen tends to increase slightly the amount of h-BN phase in the grain boundary of c-BN and the soft h-BN phase of 3D network including surrounding nano grains of cubic phase may relax the residual stress of cubic phase.