• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2009

태백산 광화대 중부에 위치한 거도광산은 최근 수 십년간 휴광상태이지만, 1963년부터 철과 동을 개발하였던 지역이다. 거도광산 지역은 장산규암, 묘봉층, 풍촌층, 화절층, 동점층 및 두무골층과 후기에 이를 관입한 백악기 어평화강 암체로 구성되어 있다. 거도 스카른을 형성시킨 어평화강암체의 조성은 상대적으로 산화된($Fe_2O_3/FeO=0.3{\sim}1.1$) 자철석계열의 석영몬조섬록암과 화강섬록암으로, 이들의 관입은 묘봉층, 풍촌층 및 화절층 내에 스카른 광화작용을 발달시켰다. 근지 외성 스카른은 어평화강암체 인근의 철이 부화된 안드라다이트(andradite) 석류석($Ad_{44-95}Gr_{1-53}$)이 우세한 지역에서 점차 멀어지면서 철이 결핍된 투휘석($Hd_{10-100}Di_{0-89}$)이 우세한 지역의 순으로 대상분포를 보인다. 이러한 석류석과 휘석의 다른 분포 특성은 모암의 조성 및 물/암석비 등의 차이에 기인된 것으로, 전체 스카른 시스템의 산화정도를 평가하는 중요한 요소이다. 거도광산의 금은 주로 근지의 적갈색 내지 갈색의 석류석이 우세한 스카른에서 산출되며, 성인적으로 함 비스무스-텔루륨 광물들과 밀접한 공생관계를 가진다. 거도광산의 금광작용과 관련된 관입암의 화학조성, 스카른대의 분포와 금의 산출특성 등은 산화형 스카른 금광상의 환경을 지시하며, 높은 석류석/휘석비를 갖는 스카른대가 탐사대상이 된다. 그러나 연구지역의 수평적 대상분포 외에 수직적 대상분포 특성에 대한 정밀탐사가 요구된다. 이는 거도광산 스카른대의 3차원적 이해를 가능하게 하며, 보다 체계적 탐사 및 구체적 개발 방안을 제시하는 중요한 기반을 제공할 것이다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.199-218
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• 1986

울산(蔚山)의 철 중석 스카른광상에서 산출되는 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)은 그의 산출상태(産出狀態) 광물공생관계(鑛物共生關係) 화학조성(化學組成)을 근거로 세 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) I 은 다금속광화작용(多金屬鑛化作用) 초기에 정출된 것으로 주로 스카른대 내에서 산점상으로 분포하며, Ni-Fe-Co계 유화물과 밀접한 공생관계를 보여준다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) I 의 화학조성은 Ni, Co의 함량이 현저하게 높고 As/S(원자비(原子比))>1으로 과잉(過剩)의 비소를 함유한다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II는 Cu 또는 As 광석중에서 산출되며, 비독사석 휘창연석 비스무스 황동석 섬아연석과 밀접한 공생관계를 보여준다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II의 화학조성은 Ni, Co의 함량이 극히 미량이며, As/S>1으로 과잉(過剩)의 비소를 함유한다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) III은 최후기 열수광맥 형성시기에 정출되었으며, 황철석 방연석 섬아연석 자류철석과 밀접한 공생관계(共生關係)를 보여준다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) III의 화학조성(化學組成)은 $$As/S1{\leq_-}1$$로 과잉(過剩)의 S를 함유한다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) I 은 Ni, Co의 함유량이 1%이상이므로 지질온도계(地質溫度計)로 사용할 수 없지만, 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II 는 비스무스-휘창연석의 공생관계(共生關係)를 보여 주고 있으므로, 이를 Kretschmar and Scott (1976)에 의한 $1/T-f(S_2)$도에 적용시켜보면 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II의 정출환경은 $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$이고, 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) III의 정출환경은 $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$으로 추정된다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.41-70
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• 1979

From $B\ddot{o}hm$-Vitense's atmospheric model calculations, the relations, [$T_e$, (B-V)] and [B.C, (B-V)] with respect to heavy element abundance were obtained. Using these relations and evolutionary model calculations of Rood, and Sweigart and Gross, analytic expressions for some physical parameters relating to the C-M diagrams of globular clusters were derived, and they were applied to 21 globular clusters with observed transition periods of RR Lyrae variables. More than 20 different parameters were examined for each globular cluster. The derived ranges of some basic parameters are as follows; $Y=0.21{\sim}0.33,\;Z=1.5{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}4.5{\times}10^{-3},\;age,\;t=9.5{\sim}19{\times}10^9$ years, mass for red giants, $m_{RG}=0.74m_{\odot}{\sim}0.91m_{\odot}$, mass for RR Lyrae stars, $m_{RR}=0.59m_{\odot}{\sim}0.75m_{\odot}$, the visual magnitude difference between the turnoff point and the horizontal branch (HB), ${\Delta}V_{to}=3.1{\sim}3.4(<{\Delta}V_{to}>=3.32)$, the color of the blue edge of RR Lyrae gap, $(B-V)_{BE}=0.17{\sim}0.21=(<(B-V)_{BE}>=0.18),\;[\frac{m}{L}]_{RR}=-1.7{\sim}-1.9$, mass difference of $m_{RR}$ relative to $m_{RG},(m_{RG}-m_{RR})/m_{RG}=0.0{\sim}0.39$. It was found that the ranges of derived parameters agree reasonably well with the observed ones and those estimated by others. Some important results obtained herein can be summarized as follows; (i) There are considerable variations in the initial helium abundance and in age of globular clusters. (ii) The radial gradient of heavy element abundance does exist for globular clusters as shown by Janes for field stars and open clusters. (iii) The helium abundance seems to have been increased with age by massive star evolution after a considerable amount (Y>0.2) of helium had been attained by the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, but there is not seen a radial gradient of helium abundance. (iv) A considerable amount of heavy elements ($Z{\sim}10{-3}$) might have been formed in the inner halo ($r_{GC}$<10 kpc) from the earliest galactic co1lapse, and then the heavy element abundance has been slowly enriched towards the galactic center and disk, establishing the radial gradient of heavy element abundance. (v) The final galactic disk formation might have taken much longer by about a half of the galactic age than the halo formation, supporting a slow, inhomogeneous co1lapse model of Larson. (vi) Of the three principal parameters controlling the morphology of C-M diagrams, it was found that the first parameter is heavy clement abundance, the second age and the third helium abundance. (vii) The globular clusters can be divided into three different groups, AI, BI and CII according to Z, Y an d age as well as Dickens' HB types. BI group clusters of HB types 4 and 5 like M 3 and NGC 7006 are the oldest and have the lowest helium abundance of the three groups. And also they appear in the inner halo. On the other hand, the youngest AI clusters have the highest Z and Y, and appear in the innermost halo region and in the disk. (viii) From the result of the clean separations of the clusters into three groups, a three dimensional classification with three parameters, Z, Y and age is prsented. (ix) The anomalous C-M diagrams can be expalined in terms of the three principal parameters. That is, the anomaly of NGC 362 and NGC 7006 is accounted for by the smaller age of the order of $1{\sim}2{\times}10^9$ years rather than by the helium abundance difference, compared with M 3. (x) The difference in two Oosterhoff types I and II can be explained in terms of the mean mass difference of RR Lyrae variables rather than in terms of the helium abundance difference as suggested by Stobie. The mean mass of the variables in Oosterhoff type I clusters is smaller by $0.074m_{\odot}$ which is exactly consistent with Rood's estimate. Since it was found that the mean mass of RR Lyrae stars increases with decreasing Z, the two Oosterhoff types can be explained substantially by the metal abundance difference; the type II has Z<$3.4{\times}10^{-4}$, and the type I has higher Z than the type II.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.432-552
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• 1996

The influence of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era(金元代) on the completion of the medicine in the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮朝) can be summarized as follows. 1. The four noted physicians of Geum-Won era were Yoo-Wan-So(劉完素), Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正), Lee-Go(李杲), Ju-Jin-Heung(朱震亨). 2. Yoo-Wan-So(劉完索) made his theory on the basic of Nae-Kyung("內經") and Sane-Han-Lon("傷寒論"), his idea of medicine was characterized in his books, for exemple, application of O-Oon-Yuk-Ki(五運六氣), Ju-Wha theory(主火論) and hang-hae-seng-je theory(亢害承制論). from his theory and method of study, many deviations of oriental medicine occurred. He made an effort for study of Nae-Kyung, which had been depressed for many years, on the contrary of the way old study that Nae-Kyung had been only explained or revised, he applied the theory of Nae-Kyung to clinical care. The theory of Yuk-Gi-Byung-Gi(六氣病機) and On-Yeul-Byung(溫熱病) had much influenced on his students and posterities, not to mention Jang-Ja-Wha and Ju-Jin-Heung, who were among the four noted physicians therefore he became the father of Yuk-Gi(六氣) and On-Yeul(溫熱) schools. 3. Jang-Jong-Jung(張從正) emulated Yoo-Wan-So as a model, and followed his Yuk-Gi-Chi-Byung(六氣致病) theory, but he insisted on the use of the chiaphoretic, the emetic and the paregoric to get rid of the causes, specially he insisted on the use of the paregoric, so they called him Gong-Ha-Pa(攻下派). He insisted on the theory that if we would strenthen ourselves we should use food, id get rid of cause, should use the paregoric, emetic and diaphoretic. Jang-Jong-Jung'S Gang-Sim-Wha(降心火) theory, which he improved Yoo-Wan-So's Han-Ryang(寒凉) theory influenced to originate Ju-Jin-Heung'S Ja-Eum-Gang-Wha(滋陰降火) theory. 4. Lee-Go(李杲) insisted on the theory that Bi-Wi(脾胃) played a loading role in the physiological function and pathological change, and that the internal disease was originated by the need of Gi(氣) came from the disorder of digestive organs, and that the causes of internal disease were the irregular meal, the overwork, and mental shock. Lee-Go made an effort for study about the struggle of Jung-Sa(正邪) and in the theory of the prescription he asserted the method of Seung-Yang-Bo-Gi(升陽補氣), but he also used the method of Go-Han-Gang-Wha(苦寒降火). 5. The authors of Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳"), Eui-Hak-Ib-Moon("醫學入門"), and Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") analyzed the medical theory of the four noted physicians and added their own experiences. They helped organizing existing complicated theories of the four noted physicians imported in our country, and affected the formation of medical science in the Choson dynasty largely. Eui-Hak-Jung-Jun("醫學正傳") was written by Woo-Dan(虞槫), in this book, he quoted the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, especially, Ju-Jin-Heung was respected by him, it affected the writing of Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要"). Eui-Hak-ib-Moon("醫學入門"), written by Lee-Chun(李杲), followed the medical science of Lee-Go and ju-jin-heung from the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. Its characteristics of Taoism, idea of caring of health, and organization affected Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). Gong-Jung-Hyun(龔延賢) wrote Man-Byung-Whoi-Choon("萬病回春") using the best part of the theories of Yoo-Wan-So, Jang-Jong-Jung, Lee-Go, Ju-Jin-Heung, this book affected Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") partly. 6. our medical science was developed from the experience of the treatment of disease obtained from human life, these medical knowledge was arranged and organized in Hyang-Yak-Jib-Sung-Bang("鄕藥集成方"), medical books imported from China was organized in Eui-Bang-Yoo-Chwi("醫方類聚"), which formed the base of medical development in the Chosun dynasty. 7. Eui-Lim-Choal-Yo("醫林撮要") was written by Jung-Kyung-Sun(鄭敬先) and revised by Yang-Yui-Soo(楊禮壽). It was written on the base of Woo-Dan's Eui-Jung-Jun, which compiled the medical science of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era. It contained confusing theories of the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era and organized medical books of Myung era, therefore it completed the basic form of Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治) influenced the writing of Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑"). 8. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham("東醫寶鑑") was written on the base of basic theory of Eum-Yang-O-Haeng(陰陽五行) and the theory of respondence of heaven and man(天人相應說) in Nae-Kyung. It contained several theories and knowledge, such as the theory of Essence(精), vitalforce(氣), and spirit(神) of Taoism, medical science of geum-won era, our original medical knowledge and experience. It had established the basic organization of our medical science and completed the Byun-Geung-Non-Chi (辨證論治). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham developed medical science from simple medical treatment to protective medical science by caring of health. And it also discussed human cultivation and Huh-Joon's(許浚) own view of human life through the book. Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham adopted most part of Lee-Go(李杲) and Ju-Jin-Heung's(朱震亨) theory and new theory of "The kidney is the basis of apriority. The spleen is the basis of posterior", so it emphasized the role of spleen and kidney(脾腎) for Jang-Boo-Byung-Gi(臟腑病機). It contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of the cause and treatment of disease by colour or fatness of man(black or white, fat or thin). It also contained Ju-Jin-Heung's theory of "phlegm break out fever, fever break out palsy"(痰生熱 熱生風) and the theory of Sang-Wha(相火論). Dong-Eui-Bo-Kham contained Lee-Go's theory of Wha-Yu-Won-Bool-Yang-Lib (火與元氣不兩立論) quoted the theory of Bi-Wi(脾胃論) and the theory of Nae-Oi-Sang-Byun(內外傷辨). For the use of medicine, it followed the theory by Lee-Go. lt used Yoo-Wan-So'S theory of Oh-Gi-Kwa-Keug-Gae-Wi-Yul-Byung(五志過極皆爲熱病) for the treatment of hurt-spirit(傷神) because fever was considered as the cause of disease. It also used Jang-Jons-Jung's theory of Saeng-Keug-Je-Seung(生克制勝) for the treatment of mental disease. 9. Lee-je-ma's Dong-Eui-Soo-Se-Bo-Won("東醫壽世保元") adopted medical theories of Song-Won-Myung era and analyzed these theories using the physical constitutional theory of Sa-Sang-In(四象人). It added Dong-Mu's main idea to complete the theory and clinics of Sa-Sang-Eui-Hak(四象醫學). Lee-Je-Ma didn't quote the four noted physicians of Geum-Won era to discuss that the physical constitutional theory of disease and medicine from Tae-Eum-In(太陰人), So-Yang-In(少陽人), So-Eum-In(少陰人), and Tae-Yang-In(太陽人) was invented from their theories.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2008

Fire can affect microbial community structure of soil through altered environmental conditions, nutrient availability, and biotic source for microbial re-colonization. We examined the influence of fire on chemical properties and soil enzyme activities of soil for 10 months. We also characterized the soil microbial community structure through ester-linked fatty acid analysis(EL-FAME). For this study, we established five burned plots(1*1 m) and 5 unburned plots outside the margin of fire. Soil was sampled three soil cores in a each plots and composited for analysis at 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 month after fire. The fire caused an increase in soil pH, exchangeable Ca, and Mg, organic matter, available $P_2O_5$ compared to unburned sites. The content of $NH_4-N$ in burned site was significantly higher than that of unburned site and this effect continued for 8 months after fire. There was no difference of $NO_3-N$ content in soil between burned and unburned site. Fire caused no change in acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities but $\beta$-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in burned site were increased compared to unburned site. Microbial biomass as estimated by total concentration of EL-FAMEs in burned sites was significantly higher than that of unburned sites at one month after fire. Burned site decreased the EL-FAMEs indicative of gram-positive bacteria and tended to increase the fatty acid associated with gram-negative bacteria at one and three months after fire. The sum of EL-FAME compound $18:2{\omega}6,9c$ and $18:1{\omega}9c$ as served fungal biomarkers was decreased in burned site compared to unburned site.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2017

신율미와 신자미 페이스트, 맥아, 효소제, 홉을 사용하여 고구마-맥아 당화액을 제조하고, 하면 발효효모 및 상면 발효효모를 접종, 발효하여 라거 및 에일 고구마 맥주를 제조하였다. 고구마 당화시 ${\alpha}-amylase$ 계 효소제를 첨가했을 때 여과성 향상과 당도 증가 효과가 가장 좋았다. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ 계 효소제를 0.1% 첨가하여 three step infusion 법으로 고구마-맥아 당화액을 제조했을 때 맥주 양조를 위한 최적 당도인 $13.5^{\circ}Brix$를 갖는 당화액이 얻어졌다. 라거 및 에일 신자미 맥주에서 고구마 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 폴리페놀 및 안토시아닌 함량이 증가하였고, DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거효과도 크게 증가하였다. 신율미 맥주에서는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 고구마 맥주의 항산화 활성과 폴리페놀 함량 사이에는 강한 상관관계가 있었다. 라거 및 에일 신자미 맥주 모두에서 고구마 41.6%를 첨가했을 때 관능평가가 양호하였고, 미려한 적색의 색조를 띄었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.713-722
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• 2009

Vitamin D levels have been reported to be associated with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. There have been studies on the nutritional status of vitamin D in postmenopausal women at Seoul and premenopausal women at Busan, and these studies showed that nearly no relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the obesity index existed. However, there have been no studies that examined about the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and insulin resistance in Korea. In this study, we investigated serum vitamin D levels and the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), obesity index (body mass index, percentage of body fat and waist circumference) in 180 premenopausal women (non-obese women 87.8%, obese women 12.2%) in spring (March~April), fall (September~October) and winter (January~February) at Daejeon. Serum vitamin D levels were lower in winter than in spring-fall, after adjusting for age and the obesity index. The frequency of vitamin D inadequacy (serum vitamin D levels were $\leq$ 20 ng/mL) was 45.5% in winter and, 23.5% in spring-fall, and which showed that vitamin D inadequacy was higher in winter than in spring-fall. Multiple regression analysis showed that serum vitamin D levels had no relationship with the obesity index or insulin resistance. There was no difference in the obesity index or insulin resistance between the vitamin D inadequacy and normal group, and there was no relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the obesity index or insulin resistance in non-obese and obese premenopausal women, respectively. In conclusion, serum vitamin D levels in premenopausal women at Daejeon were lower in winter than in spring-fall, and the frequency of vitamin D inadequacy was higher in winter than in spring-fall. Serum vitamin D levels had no relationship with the obesity index or insulin resistance in premenopausal women, most of whom were not obese.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.410-415
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• 1998

HPLC 및 electrospary mass spectrum으로부터 L-L dipeptide의 존제하에서 pepsin은 hexapeptide인 L-S-pNF-Nle-A-OMe를 가수분해하여 가수분해물외의 새로운 생성물을 합성하는 것이 확인되었다. 이 생성물은 254nm에서 p-nitro-Phe 잔기를 포함하는 peptide였다. 실험결과로부터 E(L-S-pNF)와 L-L 사이의 acyl transpeptidation에 의해 L-S-pNF-L-L가 생성됨을 뒷받침한다. 이러한 transpeptidation 결과는 product 저해실험에 의한 결과에 기초한 것과는 반대로 L-S-pNF가 해리되기전에 Nle-A-L-OMe가 먼저 한다는 것을 보여준다. 그리고, electrospray mass spectrum 으로부터 위에서 검출된 새로운 펩티드에 해당하는 peak (MW 636.1)을 얻었는데, 이는 새 펩티드의 생성을 확실히 증명하는 증거이다. 한편, Nle-A-L-OMe 생성에 대한 solvent isotope effect는 1.736$\pm$0.121이며 L-S-pNF는 2.28$\pm$0.184 그리고 L-S-pNF-L-L의 생성에는 inverse isotope effect로서 0.576$\pm$0.045였는데, 이는 상기 생성물 해리 순서를 확인시켜 준다. D$_{2}$에서 transpeptidation은 더 빠르기 때문에 isotopically-sensitive단계는 Nle-A-L-OMe해리후에 존재하는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 실험결과는, Rebholz and Northrop$^{1)}$ 및 Cho등의 $^{2)} iso-mechanism이론의 타당성을 제시한다.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

Purpose: To analyze the clinical and radiologic results of the shoulder arthrodesis in brachial plexus injury patients with flail upper extremity. Material and Method: From Aug 1978 to April 2008, 29 shoulders in 29 patients with brachial plexus injury with shoulder fusion, we evaluated 20 shoulders in 20 patients, more than 1 year follow up. The average follow-up period was 6.45years (range: 1year~24years). There were 13 men and 7 women, and the mean age at the time of trauma was 32.0years(2~65 years). The type of injury was a motorcycle accident in 11 patients, in car accident in 5, pedestrian accident in 3, and fall from a height in 1. The lesion of injury was root and trunk in 1 patient, trunk and cord in 1, trunk in 18. Surgery was performed on the whole arm type paralysis in 12 patients, lower arm type paralysis in 8 patients. The preoperative visual analog scale score was 8.7(7~10). When the trapezius and serratus anterior muscle were in function, operation was performed. 18 patients were processed to the additional operation. Gracilis free flap in 6 patients, neurotization in 3, Steindler flexor plasty in 6, and tendon transfer in 3 were performed. Fixation was conducted with cancellous screws in 13 patients, Knoles pins in 5, and cancellous screws and Knoles pins in 2. The position of the arthrodesis at operation was $28.5^{\circ}$($20~45^{\circ}$) in abduction, $30.3^{\circ}$($20~45^{\circ}$) in flexion, and $30.8^{\circ}$($20~40^{\circ}$) in internal rotation. Result: The follow up visual analog scale score was 3.4(0~7). Postoperatively, shoulder spica cast was applied for 15.3weeks(8-20weeks). The median time to bony union was 17.7weeks(9~28weeks). Average range of motion was $32.0^{\circ}$($15~40^{\circ}$) of abduction, $24.0^{\circ}$($10~40^{\circ}$) of flexion, and $18.5^{\circ}$($10~30^{\circ}$)of internal rotation. Conclusion: The shoulder fusion in brachial plexus injury patients is one of the good methods to relieve pain, improve the function and stabilize the flail shoulder joint.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2002

Kupunggibodan(KU), Gamisamul-tang(GA) and Whangryunhaedok-tang(WH) are clinically the most popular prescriptions as an herbal medicine in the treatment of ischemia. In order to compare and evaluate their protective effects on the ischema-induced cognitive deficits by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we examined its ability to improve ischemia-induced cell loss and impairements of learning and memory in the Morris water maze and eight-arm radial arm maze. Focal cerebral ischemia produced a marked cell loss, decrease in acetylcholinesterase(AchE) reactivity in the hippocampus, and learning and memory deficits in two behavioral tasks. Pretreatment with WH (100 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a substantial increase in acquisition in the Morris water maze. Pretreatment with KU increased the perfomance of the resention test in the Morris water maze. WH, KU and GA caused a significant improvement in choice accuracy in radial arm maze test. WH was superior to KU and GA in perfomance of the radial arm maze test. Consistent with behavioral data, staining with cresyl violet showed that pretreatments with WH, but not KU and GA significantly recovered the ischemia-induced cell loss in the hippcampal CA1 area. In addition, pretreatments with WH and KU recovered the ischemia-induced reduction of AchE reactivity in the hippocampal CA1 area. These results demonstrated that KU, GA and WH have protective effects against ischimea-induced learning and memory impairments and that the efficacy was the order of WH>KU>GA in tratment of ischemia induced memory deficits. The present studies provide an evidence of KU, GA and WH as putative treatment of vascular dementia. Supported by a fund from the Ministry of Health and Welfare(HMP-00-OO-04-0004), and the Brain Korea 21 Project from Korean Ministry of Education, Korea.