• Anxiety and mood
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2005

Benzodiazepines are widely used for a variety of conditions in psychiatric field. In this article, the author reviewed the indications, the effects on anxiety and sleep disorders, the side effects, the drug-drug interactions, and the tapering strategies. Benzodiazepines were relatively safe and useful for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. However, used clinically, benzodiazepines can induce many adverse effects (e. g. over-sedation, cognitive impairments, paradoxical effects, dependence and withdrawal symptoms, and so on). Currently available informations about their effects on the developing fetus is controversial. For this reason, pregnant women and nursing mother should be cautioned against the use of benzodiazepines. Drug-drug interactions have to be considered in combination treatments. For the tapering issues, gradual tapering was important to prevent the withdrawal symptoms. Especially, the tapering schedules have to be individualized for the each long-term benzodiapzepine users.

• 대한불안의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.80-91
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• 2005

o Benzodiazepines can be effective in treating Anxiety Disorders o Efficacy of Benzodiazepines varies across Anxiety Disorders o Proper diagnosis is important before prescribing o Consider Side effects and withdrawal symptoms o Periodic Evalustion of Risk/Benefit of BZ o Advised gto use proper dose, duration for indicated Anxiety Disorders

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1994

Anxiety and anxiety disorders are one of the most common and most serious psychiatric problems. Anti-anxiety drugs are one of the most effective treatment method for these problems. Benzodiazepines have various side-effects and the risk of overuse and abuse. Therefore, physicians should prescribe benzodiazepines carefully. However, they should not be discouraged from prescribing benzodiazepines when they have a knowledge of the pharmacological characteristics of these drugs and there is a clear indication for their use. Generally speaking, problems of benzodiazepine use such as dependence withdrawal symptoms, and cognitive impairment are more likely to occur with high dose, long-term use(more than 4 months), in geriatric patients and patients with a history of alcohol or other sustance abuse. But long-term or high-dose use can be jusified for patients with panic disorder of agoraphobia, and medically-ill patients with persistent anxiety that cannot be otherwise treated. In summary, there cannot be a general prescribing formulation for benzodiazepine use. Physician should always make their decision based on the individual patient's risk/benefit factors.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1991

We developed a simple method to determine benzodiazepines in biological samples using electron capature detectors and nitrogen-phosphorous detectors. The extraction of 13 benezodiazepines in urine at pH 9.5 with toluene and its analysis in GC/NPD showed the peaks in 9-16 min. In this retention time range, the biological backaground was fairly low and the drugs could be identified in low concentrations. The benzodiazepines in urine samples were screened by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay and positive samples were confirmed by the GC/NPD method.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1179-1182
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• 2011

In the present work, successful implementation of ultrasound irradiations for the rapid synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives under solvent-free conditions is demonstrated. Use of a novel catalyst i.e. camphor sulphonic acid in combination with ultrasound technique is reported for the first time. Comparative study for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines using conventional as well as ultrasonication method is discussed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1982

Thank you for inviting me as a guest speaker to this 30th anniversary of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea. I take it as a compliment to may firm F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Co., Which, has not only dicovered and introduced the benzodiazepines, but has since then been continually in the fore-front of this research. As may subject is going to be "Current Trends in Benzodiazepine Research" I will try to have a look into pending problems. The history of the benzodiazepines has been told several times (e. g. Sternbach, Haefely).

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.144-147
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• 2001

Chemical restraint or "rapid tranquilization" is another option in treating patients who are a danger to themselves or others and struggle violently once physically restrained. The most commonly used drugs are benzodiazepines and antipsychotics. The use of benzodiazepines, either alone or in combination with high potency neuroleptics, has increased in recent years. Benzodiazepines are extremely safe but may cause respiratory depression and hypotension. Respiratory depression is more likely with intravenous administration, therefore these medications should be given slowly and titrated to the desired effect. Special care should be taken when sedating patients who are under the influence of alcohol or narcotics and are sleep apneic patients. This report deals with a case of respiratory distress in a patient with sleep apnea syndrome after the rapid tranqulization. All patients receiving chemical restraint must be carefully monitored. For critically ill patients who require sedation or chemical restraint, the constant attendance of a physician may be warranted.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.294-296
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• 2014

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic orofacial pain syndrome, without evidence of mucosal lesions and other clinical signs of disease or laboratory abnormalities. Patients with BMS complain of burning pain in the mouth, xerostomia and taste disturbances. It is more common among women and the median age of occurrence is about 60 years. BMS may be primary or secondary to other diseases. The mainstay in the treatment of BMS includes antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsants. A few cases of BMS caused due to medication have been reported. The causative drugs include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, anticoagulants, antipsychotics, antiretrovirals, and benzodiazepines. This is a case report of a patient on antidepressants who developed symptoms of BMS thereby causing a dilemma in management.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-18
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• 1999

A growing number of people are concerned about their sleep. There are many people with chronic sleep disorders. Sedativehypnotics including benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine have been widely used in chronic insomniacs. It is widely accepted that current hypnotics are efficient in alleviating subjective symptoms of insomnia. Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics include zolpidem, zopiclone, and melatonin. These novel non-benzodiazepine hypnotics that have efficacy comparable to benzodiazepines were developed with more understanding of benzodiazepine receptor pharmacology. Their unique pharmacologic profiles may offer few significant advantages in terms of adverse effects of benzodiazepines. However, most of hypnotics including non-benzodiazepine have some of dependence, tolerance, impaired daytime function and rebound insomnia. Currently, it is accepted that combination therapy with pharmacologic and behavioral intervention is the most effective for chronic insomniacs.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1280-1282
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• 2008