• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1985

Phytotron and field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of morphological development and environmental temperature on synthesis, translocation and accumulation behaviour of Fructosan, Monoand Disaccharose in corn cv. Blizzard and fodder sorghum cv. Sioux and Pioneer 931 at Munich technical university. Sorghum and maize plants were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 28/8 dog C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13-h days. The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1 Non-structural carbohydrates in maize and sorghum were accumulated mainly as Mono- and Disaccharose. The concentrations of Mono- and Disaccharose were increased markedly after differentiation of growing points and shown at early milk stage the highest contents with 27.8-29.1% and 16.8-20.4% for maizeand sorghums respectively. 2. Non-structural carbohydrates were accumulated mainly in stalk. However, during the late maturity the most of Mono- and Disaccharose were translocated into grain and reserved as starch. The increase of starch was associated with decrease of total non-structural carbohydrates. 3. Fructosan synthesis was not affected by morphological changes and environmental factors, which shows a value of 1.5-2.5% in whole stage of maize and sorghum. 4. Sorghum and maize plants were shown to have a great photosynthetic rates to high temperature. Reserved Mono- and Diaaccharose were, however, declined when temperature exceeded 30 dog C. Under cold stress at l8/8 deg C non-structural carbohydrates were not translocated and also were accumulated in leaves too much that cause to restrict of photosynthesis. 5. Net Energy Lactation (NEL) of sorghum and maize were directly associated with synthetic rates of non-structural carbohydrates, especially Mono- and Disaccharose. The highest values of NEL were found at physiological maturity stage with 6.6- 6.9 MJ and 5.7-6.0 MJ-NEL/kg for maize and sorghum respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.202-212
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• 1995

In order to elucidate the degrading characteristics of the pyrethroid acaricide-insecticide, acrinathrin in two different types of soils, Soil A(pH, 5.8; organic matter, 3.4%; C.E.C., 115 mmol(+)/kg soil; texture, sandy loam) and Soil B(pH, 5.7; organic matter, 2.0%; C.E.C., 71 mmol(+)/kg soil; texture, sandy loam), residualities of the non-labeled compound under the field and laboratory conditions, extractability with organic solvents and formation of non-extractable bound residues, and degradabilities of [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin as a function of aging temperature and aging period were investigated. The half lives of acrinathrin in Soil A treated once and twice were about 18 and 22 days and in Soil B about 13 and 15 days, respectively, in the field, whereas, in the laboratory, those in Soil A and B were about 36 and 18 days, respectively, suggesting that the compound would be non-persistent in the environment. The amounts of $^{14}CO_2$ evolved from [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin in Soil A and B during the aging period of 24 weeks were 81 and 62%, respectively, of the originally applied $^{14}C$ activity, and those of the non-extractable soil-bound residues of [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin were about 70% of the total $^{14}C$ activity remaining in both soils, increasing gradually with the aging period. Degradation of [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin in both soils increased with the aging temperature. Three degradation products of m/z 198(3-phenoxy benzaldehyde), m/z 214(3-phenoxybenzoic acid), and m/z 228(methyl 3-phenoxybenzoate) as well as an unknown were detected by autoradiography of acetone extracts of both soils treated with [$^{14}C$]acrinathrin and aged for 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days, respectively, and the degradation pattern of acrinathrin was identical in both soils. Acrinathrin in soil turned out to be degraded to 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrin by hydrolytic cleavage of the ester linkage adjacent to the $^{14}C$ with a cyano group, the removal of hydrogen cyanide therefrom led to the formation of 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde as one of the major products, and the subsequent oxidation of the aldehyde to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, followed by decarboxylation would lead to the evolution of $^{14}CO_2$.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.408-415
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• 2006

Temperature-dependent, wide-angle, x-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns and infrared (IR) spectra were measured for biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its copolymers, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=2.5, 3.4, 10.5, and 12 mol%), in order to explore their crystal and lamellar structure and their pattern of C-H...O=C hydrogen bonding. The WAXD patterns showed that the P(HB-co-HHx) copolymers have the same orthorhombic system as PHB. It was found from the temperature-dependent WAXD measurements of PHB and P(HB-co-HHx) that the a lattice parameter is more enlarged than the b lattice parameter during heating and that only the a lattice parameter shows reversibility during both heating and cooling processes. These observations suggest that an interaction occurs along the a axis in PHB and P(HB-co-HHx). This interaction seems to be due to an intermolecular C-H...O=C hydrogen bonding between the C=O group in one helical structure and the $CH_3$ group in the other helical structure. The x-ray crystallographic data of PHB showed that the distance between the O atom of the C=O group in one helical structure and the H atom of one of the three C-H bonds of the $CH_3$ group in the other helix structure is $2.63{\AA}$, which is significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals separation ($2.72{\AA}$). This result and the appearance of the $CH_3$ asymmetric stretching band at $3009 cm^{-1}$ suggest that there is a C-H...O=C hydrogen bond between the C=O group and the $CH_3$ group in PHB and P(HB-co-HHx). The temperature-dependent WAXD and IR measurements revealed that the crystallinity of P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx =10.5 and 12 mol%) decreases gradually from a fairly low temperature, while that of PHB and P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx = 2.5 and 3.5 mol%) remains almost unchanged until just below their melting temperatures. It was also shown from our studies that the weakening of the C-H...O = C interaction starts from just above room temperature and proceeds gradually increasing temperature. It seems that the C-H...O=C hydrogen bonding stabilizes the chain holding in the lamellar structure and affects the thermal behaviour of PHB and its copolymers.