• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.615-633
• /
• 2015

Composite steel-concrete beams are used frequently in situations where axial forces are introduced. Some examples include the use in cable-stayed bridges or inclined members in stadia and bridge approach spans. In these situations, the beam may be subjected to any combination of flexure and axial load. However, modern steel and composite construction codes currently do not address the effects of these combined actions. This study presents an analysis of composite beams subjected to combined loadings. An analytical model is developed based on a cross-sectional analysis method using a strategy of successive iterations. Results derived from the model show an excellent agreement with existing experimental results. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of axial load on the flexural strength of composite beams. The parametric study is then extended to a number of section sizes and employs various degrees of shear connection. Design models are proposed for estimating the flexural strength of an axially loaded member with full and partial shear connection.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제2권6호
• /
• pp.499-516
• /
• 2005

A composite model is used to represent the heterogeneity of plain concrete consisting of coarse aggregates, mortar matrix and the mortar-aggregate interface. The composite elements of plain concrete are modeled using triangular finite element units which have six interface nodes along the sides. Fracture is captured through a constitutive single branch softening-fracture law at the interface nodes, which bounds the elastic domain inside each triangular unit. The inelastic displacement at an interface node represents the crack opening or sliding displacement and is conjugate to the internodal force. The path-dependent softening behaviour is developed within a quasi-prescribed displacement control formulation. The crack profile is restricted to the interface boundaries of the defined mesh. No re-meshing is carried out. Solutions to the rate formulation are obtained using a mathematical programming procedure in the form of a linear complementary problem. An event by event solution strategy is adopted to eliminate solutions with simultaneous formation of softening zones in symmetric problems. The composite plain concrete model is compared to experimental results for the tensile crack growth in a Brazilian test and three-point bending tests on different sized specimens. The model is also used to simulate wedge-type shear-compression failure directly under the loading platen of a Brazilian test.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.476-483
• /
• 2012

Proper water management is crucial for the efficient operation of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Especially, for automotive applications, A novel water management that can avoid both membrane dry-out and flooding is a very important task to achieve good performance and efficiency of PEM fuel cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the liquid water behavior on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface and in the cathode flow channel of a PEM unit fuel cell under flooding conditions. For this purpose, a transparent unit fuel cell is devised and fabricated by modifying the conventional PEM fuel cell design. The results of water droplet behavior under flooding conditions are mainly presented. The water distributions in the cathode flow channels with cell operating voltage are also compared and analyzed. Through this work, it is expected that the data obtained from this fundamental study can be effectively used to establish the basic water management strategy in terms of water removal from the flow channels in a PEM fuel cell stack.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2009

Architect Bernard Tschumi had explored a new architectural conception through his own notional devices such as space, event and movement during 1970s. But, among these notions, the concept of movement was ambiguous and difficult to adopt it for architectural design strategy. Because the movements in everyday's behaviour or in dancing art are significantly different from architectural thought. However he had succeeded in coining the creative notion of movement as almost real body's and of living flesh. He invented an acute methodology and bold interpretation for his early experimental works. So, this paper tried to understand and analyse his concept of movement focused on his early works. The results of this paper's discussion are as follows; First, Tschumi's movement concept Is dynamic one operated by desire and can violate space in physical level as well as metaphysical level. Next, the movement performs the role of generator which deforms space or even generate it. Third, his movement can be readable only when you go down and bring it in practice. Also it Is unblocked potentiality, undetermined sequential material and unfinished practice. Fourth, when Tschumi's movement could be thought as walking, this walking movement makes up a story through rhetorical speech acts that are presented by turns and detours.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.151-159
• /
• 2022

This study discusses a hypothetical method for tracking the propagation damage of Carbon Reinforced Fiber Plastic (CRFP) components underneath vibration fatigue. The High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) behavior of composite materials was generally not as severe as this of admixture alloys. Each fissure initiation in metal alloys may quickly lead to the opposite. The HCF behavior of composite materials is usually an extended state of continuous degradation between resin and fibers. The increase is that any layer-to-layer contact conditions during delamination opening will cause a dynamic complex response, which may be non-linear and dependent on temperature. Usually resulted from major deformations, it could be properly surveyed by a non-contact investigation system. Here, this article discusses the scanning laser application of that vibrometer to track the propagation damage of CRFP components underneath fatigue vibration loading. Thus, the study purpose is to demonstrate that the investigation method can implement systematically a series of hypothetical means and dynamic characteristics. The application of the relaxation method based on numerical simulation in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Evolved Bat (EB) strategy to reduce the dynamic response is proved by numerical simulation. Thermal imaging cameras are also measurement parts of the chain and provide information in qualitative about the temperature location of the evolution and hot spots of damage.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.97-119
• /
• 2009

The growth of international trade and the formation of supranational economic and political trading blocks have noticeably widened the presence on the market of products of different national origins. This has stimulated interest in explaining the Country-of-Origin (COO) role in domestic and international markets and its consequences on consumer behaviour. Since the consumer purchasing decisions can be decisive to the success of a company's strategy in domestic and foreign markets, the objective of this study is to present empirical evidence on the extent to which reputation of firms associated to a certain COO are related to consumer purchase intention. Additionally our study considers ethnocentrism as a variable that partially explains the rejection of imports products based on its foreign origin. The empirical application of the proposed model is related to the purchase of Korean automobiles which represents 5.7% of the national market share in Spain. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data collected from 202 personal interviews carried out in a large Spanish region. The results show that reputation of firms associated to a certain COO in an important factor to establish business relationships involving consumers and firms from different countries and increase intentions to purchase Korean products. Additionally, ethnocentric consumers prefer to purchase domestic products rather than foreign imports as an attempt to protect national economy however the negative effect of ethnocentrism is weaker than positive effect of firms reputation of a COO.

• 시큐리티연구
• /
• 제55호
• /
• pp.169-192
• /
• 2018

이 연구에서는 잉글랜드와 웨일즈의 '2011년 경찰 개혁 및 사회적 책임에 관한 법'과 관련된 최근 경찰 개혁 전략을 평가하였다. 경찰 개혁 전략 중 가장 중요한 변화는 지역치안위원장에게 경찰인력 운용뿐만 아니라 관할 지역의 범죄를 줄이는 책임도 부여하였다는 것이다. 이로 인해 지역치안위원장은 지방 정부 및 지역 안전 파트너십과도 긴밀히 협력해야 하며, 그 전신인 지방경찰위원회보다 보다 많은 임무와 큰 권한을 갖게 되었다. 이 연구는 또한 지역 경찰 지휘관을 대상으로 한 설문 조사를 통해 범죄의 성향과 정도를 평가하고자 하였다. 이 설문 조사는 강력 범죄보다는 사소한 범죄 및 반사회 범죄로 인한 치안수요가 급증한 것을 보여주었다. 지역치안위원장 제도의 도입은 경찰의 우선순위가 대중의 우선순위와 점차 일치하고 있으며, 반사회적 행동이 이제는 일반적 범죄보다 주민들의 삶에 더 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 그리고 이 연구는 윈저리뷰(Winsor Review) 이후에 경찰 연봉, 연금 및 근무 조건에 대한 변화도 조명하고 있다. 또한, 이러한 변화가 경찰 조직 내에서 경찰관들의 사기와 전문적인 동기에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 현재의 영국 정부 정책으로 인해 점점 더 많은 수의 경험 많은 경찰관들이 경찰 조직을 떠나고 있고, 이로 인해 궁극적으로 전략적 긴급 서비스로서 치안서비스의 장기적인 탄력성이 약해질 수 있다는 점을 논의하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.2643-2647
• /
• 2013

Background: Despite anti-smoking campaigns, smoking prevalence among Thai males aged 30 or older is high, at around 50%. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smoking and mortality in a rural Thai community. Materials and Methods: Subjects enrolled into the Khon Kaen cohort study between 1990 and 2001 were followed up for their vital status until $16^{th}$ March 2012. The death resource was from the Bureau of Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Interior, Thailand. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyse the association between smoking and death, controlling for age, education level and alcohol drinking, and confidence intervals were calculated using the floating risk method. Results: The study recruited 5,962 male subjects, of whom 1,396 died during a median 13.5 years of follow-up. Current smokers were more likely to die than never smokers after controlling for age, education level and alcohol drinking (HR, 95%CI: 1.41, 1.32-1.51), and the excess mortality was greatest for lung cancer (HR, 95%CI: 3.51, 2.65-4.66). However, there was no increased risk with increasing dose of tobacco, and no difference in risk between smokers of yamuan (hand-rolled cigarettes) and manufactured tobacco. Conclusion: Mortality from cancer, particularly lung cancer, and from all causes combined is dependent on smoking status among men in rural Thailand, but the relative risks are lower than have been reported from studies in high income countries, where the tobacco epidemic is more established.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.712-722
• /
• 2017

Attention to appearance is a common concern for all. Images created by appearance play an important role in judging people in terms of social life in contemporary society. This study investigated general behaviours of appearance management behaviours of both male and female college students, and categorised consumption emotion experienced by appearance management. In this regards, it was examined how consumers' psychological mechanism of consumption emotions influences consumers' satisfaction and their behavioural intentions. The main results are as follows: First, female students invest more time and money into appearance management compare to male students and have a higher level of attention. Secondly, both male and female students experience a variety of consumption emotions in appearance management behaviours. According to gender, female students show a higher level of positive and negative consumption emotions than male students. Thirdly, there are five emotional types (Confidence, Annoyance, Refreshment, Enjoyment, Anxiety) as the result of the consumption emotional typology in terms of appearance management behaviours of male and female university students. Fourthly, there are different emotional groups which influence consumers' satisfaction or behavioural intention according to gender in appearance management behaviour. In general, emotional groups such as 'Confidence, Delight and Anxiety' have a positive influence on consumers' satisfaction and behavioral intention, and 'Annoyance' composed of negative emotions have negative influence. In this respect, this research can contribute to beauty product development and marketing strategy with reflecting consumption emotion, and better understanding of consumption culture of university students which plays a pivotal role in appearance management behavior.

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Healthcare is on the whole a personal and critical service that consumer's use, whereas hospitalization is as a rule painful, because nature nurtures and Sun Light Luminosity for healthcare settings is considered healing. The performance and design of climate responsive buildings such as AKU requires a detailed study of attributes of climate both at micro as well as macro level. The therapeutic value of contact with nature through window view, greenery and landscape is calculated there. Method: A two prong strategy is been devised for this article, at micro level three typical morphologies are analysed by creating same environment of neighboring building on sun shading chart, radiation and temperature range. Since the analysis of local climate helps to determine the design strategies for hospital Healing Environment which is suitable for Karachi climate; in order to track the macro climatic behaviour, a considerable analysis of psychometrics chart for AKU Karachi are designed on Climate Consultant (CC) and analysed by Machine Learning. Climate Consultant proposes different design strategies suitable for Karachi. And on the other hand time wise illumination sources for clinical area which are then measured on psychrometric chart- according to singular space: multi patient admission, secondly: acute ambulatory ward, and tertiary: multi windowed space according to the mushrabiyah and sky light pattern. Result: Our findings support the hypothesis that windowed wall is 75-80% more healing wall; an accelerated evidence was found for healing at macro level if the form of the hospital is designed according to the climatologically preferences, whereas at micro level: the light resource becomes the staff attentiveness determinant. In Conclusion evidence was provided that the actual form of luminosity results consequently in satisfaction while light entering from several set of windows and other sources might be valued if design according to the healing environment. The data added on the sun shading chart to calculate rays entraining into space in patient room equal to 124416.21 Watts/ meter $m^2$ is calculated as precise healing rate-and is confirmed by questionnaire from patients belonging from each clinical stage having different illnesses.