• 제목/요약/키워드: Bed Surface Mapping

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ADCP 다중빔 수심계측자료의 위상학적 보정 알고리즘 개발 (Development of Topological Correction Algorithms for ADCP Multibeam Bathymetry Measurements)

  • 김동수;양성기;김수정;정우열
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.543-554
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    • 2013
  • Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) are increasingly popular in the river research and management communities being primarily used for estimation of stream flows. ADCPs capabilities, however, entail additional features that are not fully explored, such as morphological representation of river or reservoir bed based upon multi-beam depth measurements. In addition to flow velocity, ADCP measurements include river bathymetry information through the depth measurements acquired in individual 4 or 5 beams with a given oblique angle. Such sounding capability indicates that multi-beam ADCPs can be utilized as an efficient depth-sounder to be more capable than the conventional single-beam eco-sounders. The paper introduces the post-processing algorithms required to deal with raw ADCP bathymetry measurements including the following aspects: a) correcting the individual beam depths for tilt (pitch and roll); b) filtering outliers using SMART filters; d) transforming the corrected depths into geographical coordinates by UTM conversion; and, e) tag the beam detecting locations with the concurrent GPS information; f) spatial representation in a GIS package. The developed algorithms are applied for the ADCP bathymetric dataset acquired from Han-Cheon in Jeju Island to validate themselves applicability.

동남(東南) Spain Albudeite 지역(地域)의 Miocene및 Post-Miocene Formation에 대한 지질조사(地質調査)에 있어서의 지형학적(地形學的)인 접근(接近) (Geomorphological Approach in Geological Mapping of the Miocene and Post-Miocene Formations in the Albudeite Area, Spain)

  • 윤석규
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.171-182
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    • 1973
  • 동남(東南) Spain의 지중해(地中海) 연안(沿岸)에 위치(位置)한 Albudeite 지형적(地形的)으로 잘 표현(表現)된 Miocene의 marl 및 석회암층(石灰岩層)과 이를 덮는 Pliocene 및 Ouaternary의 다양(多樣)한 퇴적층(堆積層)이 잘 노출(露出)되어 복잡(複雜)한 분포(分布)를 보이고 있다. 즉(卽) 본지역(本地域)의 중앙부(中央部)를 서(西)에서 동(東)으로 흐르는 Mula강(江)을 사이에 두고 북부(北部)에는 NE 및 NW계(系)의 단층운동(斷層運動)에 의(依)해 이루어진 경근지괴(傾勤地塊)로서의 Upper Miocene의 marl과 석회암(石灰岩) 협층(挾層)으로 된 tableland가 연(軟)한 marl층(層)을 덮는 굳은 아어란상(亞魚卵狀)~아쇄설성(亞碎屑性) 석회암층(石灰岩層)의 capping effect에 의(依)하여 이루어져 있고 지역남부(地域南部)에는 이 tableland의 지표면(地表面)(석회암(石灰岩) cap)과 거의 동사적(同斜的)인 bevelled cuesta가 연(軟)한 marl과 굳은 석회암(石灰岩)(아쇄설성(亞碎屑性) 합(合) Ostracod) 또는 사질암(砂質岩) 협층(挾層)의 차별침식(差別侵飾)에 의(依)하여 이루어져 있어 이들을 지형적(地形的)으로 돌출(突出)된 양(兩) 석회암층(石灰岩層)을 Key bed로 하여 Upper Miocene을 다시 하부(下部), 중부(中部) 및 상부(上部)를 삼분(三分)하였다. 남부(南部) Cuesta의 scarp slope에 이루어진 격심(激甚)한 양곡측면(兩谷側面)과 북부(北部) tablelanl의 남측(南側) footslope에 급재(級在)하는 퇴화구준(退化丘俊)의 침식측면등(侵蝕側面等)에 노출(露出)되는 marl과 이를 덮는 colluvium, alluvium 또는 capped gravel과의 복잡(複雜)한 boundary tracing에 있어서와 또한 Mula강(江) 유역(流域)에 상봉(相逢)한 고도(高度)로 분포(分布)되는 일련(一連)의 단구상(段丘狀) 충적층등(沖積層等)에 대(對)한 층서(層序) 수립(樹立)과 mapping에 있어서는 이들에 대(對)한 지형(地形) 발달사적(發達史的) 이해(理解)와 항공사진해석의 적용(適用)이 매우 효과적이어서 임존지질천(臨存地質踐)에는 Mula강(江)의 channel에 따르는 협장(挾長)한 사기층(四紀層)을 제외(除外)하고는 Upper Miocene (M3) 일색(一色)으로 되어 있었으나 이번 시도(試圖)에 의(依)하여 총(總)9개(個)의 층서적(層序的) 단위(單位)로 세분(細分)하여 mapping할 수가 있었다.

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Pt(1)-Fe(30)/MCM-41 촉매상에서 수소 제조를 위한 메탄의 분해 반응에서 조촉매 Pt의 효과 (Effect of Pt as a Promoter in Decomposition of CH4 to Hydrogen over Pt(1)-Fe(30)/MCM-41 Catalyst)

  • 서호준
    • 공업화학
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.674-678
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    • 2023
  • 고정층 상압 유통식 반응기를 사용하여 Pt(1)-Fe(30)/MCM-41와 Fe(30)/MCM-41의 촉매상에서 메탄의 분해 반응을 수행하여 수소의 수율을 구하여 Pt의 효과를 조사하였다. XRD 분석으로 반응 전 Pt(1)-Fe(30)/MCM-41 촉매에서 Fe2O3와 Pt의 결정상이 나타났다. SEM, EDS 분석과 매핑 이미지로부터 촉매 표면상에 Fe, Pt, Si, O의 나노 입자들이 균일하게 분포함을 알 수 있었다. XPS 분석으로 Pt0, Pt2+, Pt4+, Ft0, Fe2+, Fe3+ 등의 이온과 O2-, O-의 산소종이 존재함을 알 수 있었고, Fe(30)/MCM-41 촉매에 Pt를 1 wt% 첨가하면 촉매 표면상에서 Fe2p의 원자 백분율이 13.39%에서 16.14%로 증가하고 Pt4f는 1.51%이었다. 수소의 수율은 Fe(30)/MCM-41보다 3.2배 높았다. Pt로부터 Fe로 H2의 스필오버(spillover) 효과로 Fe 입자의 환원을 증가시키고, Fe, Pt와 MCM-41의 적당한 상호작용으로 미세한 나노입자를 촉매 표면상에 균일하게 분산을 증가시켜 수소수율을 향상시켰다.

한강하류지형면의 분류와 지형발달에 대한 연구 (양수리에서 능곡까지)

  • 박노식
    • 동굴
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    • 제68호
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    • pp.23-73
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    • 2005
  • Purpose of study; The purpose of this study is specifically classified as two parts. The one is to attempt the chronological annals of Quaternary topographic surface through the study over the formation process of alluvial surfaces in our country, setting forth the alluvial surfaces lower-parts of Han River area, as the basic deposit, and comparing it to the marginal landform surfaces. The other is to attempt the classification of micro morphology based on the and condition premising the land use as a link for the regional development in the lower-parts of Han river area. Reasons why selected the Lower-parts of Han river area as study objects: 1. The change of river course in this area is very serve both in vertical and horizontal sides. With a situation it is very easy to know about the old geography related to the formation process of topography. 2. The component materials of gravel, sand, silt and clay are deposited in this area. Making it the available data, it is possible to consider about not oかy the formation process of topography but alsoon the development history to some extent. 3. The earthen vessel, a fossil shell fish, bone, cnarcoal and sea-weed are included in the alluvial deposition in this area. These can be also valuable data related to the chronological annals. 4. The bottom set conglometate beds is also included in the alluvial deposits. This can be also valuable data related to the research of geomorphological development. 5. Around of this area the medium landform surface, lower landform surface, pediment and basin, are existed, and these enable the comparison between the erosion surfaces and the alluvial surfaces. Approach : 1. Referring to the change of river beds, I have calculated the vertical and horizontal differences comparing the topographic map published in 1916 with that published in 1966 and through the field work 2. In classifying the landform, I have applied the method of micro morphological classification in accordance with the synthetic index based upon the land conditions, and furthermore used the classification method comparing the topographic map published in 1916 and in that of 1966. 3. I have accorded this classification with the classification by mapping through appliying the method of classification in the development history for the field work making the component materials as the available data. 4. I have used the component materials, which were picked up form the outcrop of 10 places and bored at 5 places, as the available data. 5. I have referred to Hydrological survey data of the ministry of Construction (since 1916) on the overflow of Han-river, and used geologic map of Seoul metropolitan area. Survey Data, and general map published in 1916 by the Japanese Army Survbey Dept., and map published in 1966 by the Construction Research Laboratory and ROK Army Survey Dept., respectively. Conclusion: 1. Classification of Morphology: I have added the historical consideration for development, making the component materials and fossil as the data, to the typical consideration in accordance with the map of summit level, reliefe and slope distribution. In connection with the erosion surface, I have divided into three classification such as high, medium and low-,level landform surfaces which were classified as high and low level landform surfaces in past. furthermore I have divided the low level landform surface two parts, namely upper-parts(200-300m) and bellow-parts(${\pm}100m$). Accordingly, we can recognize the three-parts of erosion surface including the medium level landform surface (500-600m) in this area. (see table 22). In condition with the alluvial surfaces I have classified as two landform surfaces (old and new) which was regarded as one face in past. Meamwhile, under the premise of land use, the synthetic, micro morphological classification based upon the land condition is as per the draw No. 19-1. This is the quite new method of classification which was at first attempted in this country. 2. I have learned that the change of river was most severe at seeing the river meandering rate from Dangjung-ni to Nanjido. As you seee the table and the vertical and horizontal change of river beds is justly proportionable to the river meandering rate. 3. It can be learned at seeing the analysis of component materials of alluvial deposits that the component from each other by areas, however, in the deposits relationship upper stream, and between upper parts and below parts I couldn't always find out the regular ones. 4. Having earthern vessel, shell bone, fossil charcoal and and seaweeds includen in the component materials such as gravel, clay, sand and silt in Dukso and Songpa deposits area. I have become to attempt the compilation of chronicle as yon see in the table 22. 5. In according to hearing of basemen excavation, the bottom set conglomerate beds of Dukso beds of Dukso-beds is 7m and Songpa-beds is 10m. In according to information of dredger it is approx. 20m in the down stream. 6. Making these two beds as the standard beds, I have compared it to other beds. 7 The coarse sand beds which is covering the clay-beds of Dukso-beds and Nanjidobeds is shown the existence of so-called erosion period which formed the gap among the alluvial deposits of stratum. The former has been proved by the sorting, bedding and roundness which was supplied by the main stream and later by the branch stream, respectively. 8. If the clay-beds of Dukeo-bed and Songpa-bed is called as being transgressive overlap, by the Eustatic movement after glacial age, the bottom set conglomerate beds shall be called as being regressive overlap at the holocene. This has the closest relationship with the basin formation movement of Seoul besides the Eustatic movement. 9. The silt-beds which is the main component of deposits of flood plain, is regarded as being deposited at the Holocene in the comb ceramic and plain pottery ages. This has the closest relationship with the change of river course and river beds.