• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2006

The cooling capacity of a micro-heat pipe is mainly governed by the magnitude of capillary pressure induced in the wick structure. For microchannel wicks, a higher capillary pressure is achievable for narrower and deeper channels. In this study, a metallic micro-heat pipe adopting high-aspect-ratio microchannel wicks is fabricated. Micromachining of high-aspect-ratio microchannels is done using the laser-induced wet etching technique in which a focused laser beam irradiates the workpiece placed in a liquid etchant along a desired channel pattern. Because of the direct writing characteristic of the laser-induced wet etching method, no mask is necessary and the fabrication procedure is relatively simple. Deep microchannels of an aspect ratio close to 10 can be readily fabricated with little heat damage of the workpiece. The laser-induced wet etching process for the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microchannels in 0.5mm thick stainless steel foil is presented in detail. The shape and size variations of microchannels with respect to the process variables, such as laser power, scanning speed, number of scans, and etchant concentration are closely examined. Also, the fabrication of a flat micro-heat pipe based on the high-aspect-ratio microchannels is demonstrated.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.495-498
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• 2002

Recently, the advent of electro-active papers (EAPap) actuators has been reported. In this paper, the possibility of the actuators is demonstrated. EAPap is a paper that produces large displacement with small force under an electrical excitation. EAPap is made with a chemically treated paper by constructing thin electrodes on both sides of the paper. When electrical voltage is applied on the electrodes the EAPap produces bending displacement. To improve the bending performance of EAPap, different paper fibers-softwood, hardwood, bacteria cellulose, cellophane, carbon mixture paper, electrolyte containing paper and Korean traditional paper, in conjunction with additive chemicals were tested. Two attempts were made to construct the electrodes: the direct use of aluminum foil and the gold sputtering technique. It was found that a cellophane paper exhibits a remarkable bending performance. When 2MV/m of excitation voltage was applied on the paper actuator, more than 3mm of tip displacement was observed out of the 30 mm long paper beam. This is quite low excitation voltage compared to that of other EAPs. The actuation principle of electro-active paper (EAPap) and possible applications are addressed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.378-390
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• 2023

The SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) facility, currently under development at Legnaro National Laboratories of INFN, aims at the production of intense RIB (Radioactive Ion Beams) employing the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique for interdisciplinary research. The radioactive isotopes of interest are produced by the interaction of a multi-foil uranium carbide target with a 40 MeV 200 μA proton beam generated by a cyclotron proton driver. The Target Ion Source (TIS) is the core of the SPES project, here the radioactive nuclei, mainly neutron-rich isotopes, are stopped, extracted, ionized, separated, accelerated and delivered to specific experimental areas. Due to efficiency reasons, the TIS unit needs to be replaced periodically during operation. In this highly radioactive environment, the employment of autonomous systems allows the manipulation, transport, and storage of the TIS unit without the need for human intervention. A dedicated remote handling infrastructure is therefore under development to fulfill the functional and safety requirement of the project. This contribution describes the layout of the SPES target area, where all the remote handling systems operate to grant the smooth operation of the facility avoiding personnel exposure to a high dose rate or contamination issues.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.643-649
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• 2016

사이클로트론을 이용하여 $^{18}F^-$동위원소를 생산하는 경우 가속된 양성자 빔은 사이클로트론의 금속부품들과 반응하여 방사화를 일으킨다. 그 중에서도 빔과 주요하게 반응하는 표적집합체를 구성하는 표적실, 표적창에 장반감기의 핵종이 많이 발생한다. 이러한 표적집합체의 방사화 핵종을 잘 이해하는 것은 사이클로트론 운영자와 유지 보수 작업자를 위해서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 IBA(Ion Beam Application)사 사이클로트론 Cyclone 18/9 기기의 표적집합체 유지보수 작업자의 방사선 안전지침을 마련하기 위해서 사이클로트론 가동 후 표적집합체에 발생되는 주요 핵종을 분석하고, 또한, 사이클로트론 가동정지 직후부터의 선량감소율을 실험적으로 측정하였다. $^{18}F^-$동위원소 생산 후 표적집합체의 잔류 방사화 핵종의 종류 및 방사능농도를 확인하기 위하여, 표적실내 잔류물질 및 표적창 하버포일 시료를 채취하여 고순도 게르마늄(HPGe) 감마핵종분석기로 측정하여 분석하였다. 또한, 사이클로트론 가동직후 사이클로트론에서 발생되는 선량률을 시간에 따라 측정하였다. 감마핵종분석과 선량률감소에 대한 데이터는 추후 사이클로트론 운영의 방사선안전을 위한 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.66-66
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• 2011

Anodic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are very attractive materials for gas sensors due to its large surface to volume ratios. The most widely known method for fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes is anodic oxidation of metallic Ti foil. Since the remaining Ti substrate is a metallic conductor, TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti are not appropriate for gas sensor applications. Detachment of the TiO2 nanotube arrays from the Ti Substrate or the formation of electrodes onto the TiO2 nanotube arrays have been used to demonstrate gas sensors based on TiO2 nanotubes. But the sensitivity was much lower than those of TiO2 gas sensors based on conventional TiO2 nanoparticle films. In this study, Ti thin films were deposited onto a SiO2/Si substrate by electron beam evaporation. Samples were anodized in ethylene glycol solution and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) with 0.1wt%, 0.2wt%, 0.3wt% and potentials ranging from 30 to 60V respectively. After anodization, the samples were annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ in air for 1 hours, leading to porous TiO2 films with TiO2 nanotubes. With changing temperature and CO concentration, gas sensor performance of the TiO2 nanotube gas sensors were measured, demonstrating the potential advantages of the porous TiO2 films for gas sensor applications. The details on the fabrication and gas sensing performance of TiO2 nanotube sensors will be presented.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.519-524
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• 2019

스테인리스 스틸을 사용한 태양전지는 효율성이 낮지만, 패시배이션을 방지하는 목적의 추가적인 막을 설치하지 않아도 되는 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 스테인리스 스틸을 기반으로 하는 a-Si:H 박막 태양전지 제조에 고분자 재료인 실리콘 수지를 도입하였다. 실리콘 수지의 사용 목적은 스틸표면의 평탄화와 전기 절연성을 도입하는 것이다. 초기 공정에서, 스테일리스 스틸의 표면에 실리콘 수지를 스핀코팅을 통해 $2{\sim}3{\mu}m$ 두께로 코팅하였다. 이후 증착법을 이용하여 알루미늄 박막 코팅을 시도하였다. 알루미늄 증착시, 마이크로미터 크기의 실리콘 수지 표면위에 버클링이 형성되었다. 형성된 실리콘 수지 위로 반도체층 도입 등 추가적인 박막 공정을 실시하였으며, 박막층에 유지된 버클링은 광산란 효과를 증가시켜 태양전지의 효율 향상으로 연계되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• Composites Research
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2023

그래핀 기반 소자의 성능을 개선하기 위해서는 그래핀과 기판 사이의 계면 상호 작용을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 유전체 기판에 놓인 단일층 그래핀의 접착에너지를 모드 I 시험을 통해 측정하였다. 메탄과 수소 가스 분위기에서 화학기상증착법(CVD)을 통해 구리 포일 위에 대면적 단일층 그래핀을 합성하였다. 합성한 그래핀을 폴리머를 이용한 습식 전사 공정을 통해 유전체 기판 위에 전사하였다. 이중외팔보 형상을 이용한 모드 I 시험을 통해 기판 위에 올려진 그래핀을 기계적으로 박리하였다. 이 때, 얻어지는 힘-변위 곡선을 분석하여 접착에너지를 평가하였는데, 산화실리콘 기판에 대해서는 1.13 ± 0.12 J/m², 질화실리콘 기판에 대해서는 2.90 ± 0.08 J/m²의 접착에너지를 나타냈다. 본 연구를 통해 유전체 기판 위에 올려진 CVD 그래핀의 계면 상호 작용력에 대해 정량적인 측정을 진행하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 1989

물질에 방사선을 조사시키면 구성원자 또는 분자의 일부분이 전리되며 특수한 유기화합물은 장기간 free radical상태로 존재하고 그 밀도는 조사된 방사선량에 비례한다. Free radical상태의 물질에 마이크로파와 같은 전자파를 투과시키면 free radicl된 전자의 고유진동과 일치된 전자파를 흡수하는 전자스핀공명(Electron Spin Resonance)이 일어나며 흡수된 전파의 강도를 측정함으로서 조사된 방사선량을 추측할 수 있다. ESR를 이용한 free radical dosimeter로서 가장 잘 알려진 물질이 아미노산 alanine이므로 이것과 파라핀 $10\%$를 혼합하여 $0.4\times1cm$의 alanine dosimeter를 제작하였다. 측정 방법은 방사선 흡수선량을 직접 측정할 수 있도록 조직등가인 물 팬텀과 방수된 Alanine dosimeter holder를 제작하고 의료용 선형가속기에서 발생되는 $6\~21$ MeV전자선을 조사하면서 최대 흡수 선량과 깊이에 따른 선량분포를 측정하였다. 전자선 조사선량은 1 Gy에 60 Gy까지의 방사선 치료선량 범위를 선택하였으며 측정결과 전자선량 증가에 따라 ESR신호의 진폭이 선형비례적으로 증가하였다. 그러나 전자선량이 4 Gy이하에서는 alanine dosimeter의 선량 균일성 이 $\pm2\~4\%$ (표준편차)의 오차가 있었으며 4 Gy이상에서는 $\pm1\%$ 이하의 오차를 나타냄으로서 환자에 대한 전자선 조사량 범위인 1Gy에서 60Gy까지의 흡수선량을 정확히 측정할 수 있었다. 측정한 결과 전자선 에너지 12 MeV이하에서는 전리상으로 측정 계산된 선량과 일치하였지만 15 MeV이상에서는 표면에서 깊이 2cm까지의 흡수선량이 약$2\~5\%$가 높았다. 이와 같은 현상은 의료용 선형가속기의 전자선 방출구에 장착된 산란판과 조사면을 조정하는 cone에 의하여 발생되는 저 에너지 산란전자선이 alanine dosimeter에 측정된 것으로서 에너지가 증가될수록 오염 정도가 증가되었다. 본 실험을 통하여 지금까지 고에너지 전자선량계측에서 전리상에 의한 전기량 측정과 산란선이 없는 단일 에너지로만 간주하여 계산하였던 전자선 흡수선량 측정방법을 직접 흡수선량 측정이 가능한 Alanine/ESR dosimetry로서 교정하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각한다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2011

The research and development of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) are intensified due to the energy crisis and environmental concerns. In order to meet the challenging requirements of powering HEV, PHEV and EV, the current lithium battery technology needs to be significantly improved in terms of the cost, safety, power and energy density, as well as the calendar and cycle life. One new technology being developed is the utilization of composite cathode by mixing two different types of insertion compounds [e.g., spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ and layered $LiMO_2$ (M=Ni, Co, and Mn)]. Recently, some studies on mixing two different types of cathode materials to make a composite cathode have been reported, which were aimed at reducing cost and improving self-discharge. Numata et al. reported that when stored in a sealed can together with electrolyte at $80^{\circ}C$ for 10 days, the concentrations of both HF and $Mn^{2+}$ were lower in the can containing $LiMn_2O_4$ blended with $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.2}O_2$ than that containing $LiMn_2O_4$ only. That reports clearly showed that this blending technique can prevent the decline in capacity caused by cycling or storage at elevated temperatures. However, not much work has been reported on the charge-discharge characteristics and related structural phase transitions for these composite cathodes. In this presentation, we will report our in situ x-ray diffraction studies on this mixed composite cathode material during charge-discharge cycling. The mixed cathodes were incorporated into in situ XRD cells with a Li foil anode, a Celgard separator, and a 1M $LiPF_6$ electrolyte in a 1 : 1 EC : DMC solvent (LP 30 from EM Industries, Inc.). For in situ XRD cell, Mylar windows were used as has been described in detail elsewhere. All of these in situ XRD spectra were collected on beam line X18A at National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory using two different detectors. One is a conventional scintillation detector with data collection at 0.02 degree in two theta angle for each step. The other is a wide angle position sensitive detector (PSD). The wavelengths used were 1.1950 ${\AA}$ for the scintillation detector and 0.9999 A for the PSD. The newly installed PSD at beam line X18A of NSLS can collect XRD patterns as short as a few minutes covering $90^{\circ}$ of two theta angles simultaneously with good signal to noise ratio. It significantly reduced the data collection time for each scan, giving us a great advantage in studying the phase transition in real time. The two theta angles of all the XRD spectra presented in this paper have been recalculated and converted to corresponding angles for ${\lambda}=1.54\;{\AA}$, which is the wavelength of conventional x-ray tube source with Cu-$k{\alpha}$ radiation, for easy comparison with data in other literatures. The structural changes of the composite cathode made by mixing spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ and layered $Li-Ni_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ in 1 : 1 wt% in both Li-half and Li-ion cells during charge/discharge are studied by in situ XRD. During the first charge up to ~5.2 V vs. $Li/Li^+$, the in situ XRD spectra for the composite cathode in the Li-half cell track the structural changes of each component. At the early stage of charge, the lithium extraction takes place in the $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component only. When the cell voltage reaches at ~4.0 V vs. $Li/Li^+$, lithium extraction from the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ component starts and becomes the major contributor for the cell capacity due to the higher rate capability of $LiMn_2O_4$. When the voltage passed 4.3 V, the major structural changes are from the $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component, while the $LiMn_2O_4$ component is almost unchanged. In the Li-ion cell using a MCMB anode and a composite cathode cycled between 2.5 V and 4.2 V, the structural changes are dominated by the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ component, with much less changes in the layered $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component, comparing with the Li-half cell results. These results give us valuable information about the structural changes relating to the contributions of each individual component to the cell capacity at certain charge/discharge state, which are helpful in designing and optimizing the composite cathode using spinel- and layered-type materials for Li-ion battery research. More detailed discussion will be presented at the meeting.