• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.181-199
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• 2020

Cyclone Heat Potential (CHP) is an essential parameter for accurate prediction of the intensity of tropical cyclones. The variability of the heat storage in the near-surface layers and the vertical stratification near the surface due to large fresh water inputs create challenges in predicting the intraseasonal and interannual evolution of monsoons and tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. This paper for the first time presents the D26- referenced cyclone heat potential observed in the Bay of Bengal during the period 2012-17 based on the in-situ data collected from 5.5 million demanding offshore instrument-hours of operation in the Ocean Moored Buoy Network for Northern Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoy network by the National Institute of Ocean Technology. It is observed that the CHP in the Bay of Bengal varied from 0-220 kJ/㎠ during various seasons. From the moored buoy observations, a CHP of ~ 90 kJ/㎠ with the D26 isotherm of minimum 100m is favorable for the intensification of the post-monsoon tropical cyclones. The responses of the D26 thermal structure during major tropical cyclone events in the Bay of Bengal are also presented.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.483-486
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• 2006

The study describes the monitoring of the Bay of Bengal as a ballast water exchangeable sea using MODIS/Aqua-derived diffuse attenuation coefficient (K(490)) synchronized with in situ ballast water sampling and analysis along the LNG carrier's route between Japan and Qatar from 2002 to 2005. Based on the relationship between K(490) and corresponding in situ plankton cell densities, the Bay of Bengal is recognized as a ballast water exchangeable sea to meet the regulation of ballast water performance standard of International Maritime Organization (IMO). Furthermore the Bay of Bengal with more than 200m depth and more than 200 nautical mile distance from shore is extracted based on the regulation of ballast water exchange area of IMO. However, an anomalously high K(490) area is found off the coast of Sri Lanka during the northeast monsoon in 2005, which corresponds higher cell densities than the criterion set by the regulation of IMO. The phenomenon of high cell density in the Bay of Bengal seems to be related with the phytoplankton bloom during the northeast monsoon. Seasonal and annual variability of phytoplankton bloom will be investigated to establish an early routing system for avoiding the high cell density area in advance.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2007

Marine bacteria, actionmycetes and fungal strains were isolated from continental slope sediment of the Bay of Bengal and studied for fatty acid profile to investigate their involvement in the benthic food-web. Fifteen different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from bacterial isolates, 14 from actinomycetes and fungal isolates were detected. The total unsaturated fatty acids in bacterial isolates ranged from 11.85 to 37.26%, while the saturated fatty acid ranged between 42.34 and 80.74%. In actinomycetes isolates, total unsaturated fatty acids varied from 27.86 to 38.85% and saturated fatty acids ranged from 35.29 to 51.25%. In fungal isolates unsaturated fatty acids ranged between 44.62 and 65.52% while saturated FA ranged from 20.80 to 46.30%. The higher percentages of unsaturated fatty acids from the microbial isolates are helpful in anticipating the active participation in the benthic food-web of Bay of Bengal.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2018

The paper presents a numerical underwater channel model developed in MATLAB for estimating the optical link budget between a light emitting diode (LED) based optical transmitter and a photo diode (PD) receiver when operated in the harbor, coastal and deep waters locations in the Bay of Bengal. The water samples are collected at different locations in the Bay of Bengal using a water sampler during an offshore research cruise. The optical attenuation, the main inherent parameter determining the range of the optical communication link is identified for the different waters using an underwater irradiance measurement system in the laboratory. The identified parameters are applied to the numerical model and found that a 10 W LED and a photo diode based system can provide the optical budget required for a horizontal underwater communication range of about 0.5, 14 and 35 m in the harbor, coastal and deep waters locations respectively. By increasing the transmitter power to 50 W, the operating range of the communication link could be increased up to 53 m in deep water locations in the Bay of Bengal.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.487-490
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• 2006

Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) onboard the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-P4 has been used to retrieve chlorophyll concentration in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea using a bio-optical algorithm. Cloud masking and atmospheric corrections have been performed before applying mapping function to derive chlorophyll concentration from IRS-P4 OCM data. We have retrieved chlorophyll concentration from OCM, and MODIS during the summer and winter season along the eastern and western coast of India at every 1 degree latitude at increasing distance (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200km) away from the coast as well as near river mouths for the period 2000-2003. We have also studied spatial and temporal dynamics of monthly MODIS Aqua (for period July 2002-April 2004). The seasonal dynamics of chlorophyll concentration over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea have been discussed using OCM and MODIS for both the coastal region and the open sea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.5-8
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• 1995

Every few years the low-tying coastal plains of Bangladesh are seriously flooded by storm surges, in which fierce cyclones develop in the Bay of Bengal and then move towards the coast, pushing large masses of sea water onto the land. The coastal areas are densely populated and the combination of high winds and deep floods invariably kills thousands of people. (omitted)

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.290-297
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• 1994

As satellite altimetry is being progressed to apply with higher precision to marginal seas, it is necessary to improve correction procedures fer tidal signals in altimetry with more accurate tidal model than the well-known model of Schwiderski. The Bay of Bengal renders many conspicuous coastal oceanographic issues including tide and storm surge interactions along the upper Bangladesh coast. As a first step. tidal regime of semidiurmal tides (M$_2$, S$_2$, $N_2$, $K_2$) and diurnal tides (K$_1$, $O_1$, P$_1$) are computed with a model having a mesh resolution of 1/4 degree over the whole Bay of Bengal. Computed results are discussed with observation and previous Schwideski's tidal map of the region.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.08a
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• pp.28.3-28.3
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.122-125
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• 2006

The distribution of phytoplankton pigments were studied bimonthly at four stations from the mouth of Mahanadi River at Paradip to the 36.7km off coast in Bay of Bengal during April 2001 to December 2002. Bottom depth was shallower than 40m in all stations. The pigment concentration of Chl-a was measured. It increased from surface to bottom in the water column. The water column integrated chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) varied between 6.1 and $48.5mg{\cdot}m-^2$ with peaks during monsoon period (Aug & Oct). Spatial distribution of salinity depended strongly on freshwater runoff. The salinity was 5psu at river mouth and 25.15psu at offshore in monsoon period; however it was 30psu at the river mouth in summer. We found a linear relationship between the amount of river discharge and integrated Chl-a in coastal region from 2 years observations. Extending this result, we analyzed rainfall and coastal Chl-a using satellite data. The relationship between the river discharge and monthly accumulated rainfall estimated from TRMM and others data sources was analyzed in 2001 and 2002 using Giovanni infrastructure provided by NASA. The result depended on the specified area on TRMM images; the river delta area had sharper relationship than wider rain catchments area. Moreover, the relationship between monthly averaged Chl-a derived from SeaWiFS and monthly accumulated rainfall estimated from TRMM was analyzed from 1998 to 2005. It was clear that the broom in monsoon period was strongly controlled by rainfall on river delta.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the technical efficiency of major container ports in the Bay of Bengal area and to study how certain factors influence the efficiency of container ports and terminals. The research is conducted on the four main container ports in the Bay of Bengal area, namely, Colombo Port in Sri Lanka, Chennai Port in India, Chittagong Port in Bangladesh, and Yangon Port in Myanmar. There are three input variables (quay length, storage area, and the number of cranes) and two output variables (throughput twenty-foot equivalent units and vessel calls) chosen for the process in this study. This paper evaluates the efficiency score of the defined variables and suggests implications for further improvement of the core competitiveness of the four selected ports. The findings indicate that Colombo Port is the most efficient on a technical scale, followed by Chennai Port, Yangon Port, and Chittagong Port. However, the slack and radial movement calculation results show that the inputs and outputs of the four ports need to be adjusted to be efficient and to reduce the amount of resources that are wasted. The results validate the adaptability of the improved data envelopment analysis algorithm in port efficiency analysis. The research findings provide an overview of the efficiencies of the selected container ports and can potentially affect the port management decisions made by policymakers, terminal operators, and carriers.