• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2002

아연의 주물사에 대한 분배계수는 주물사에 포함된 TOC, 점토 함량, 총 철 함량 등에 따라 변하고 특히 용액 PH에 큰 영향을 받는 것을 관찰하였다. Batch 실험으로부터 얻어진 경험식으로부터분배계수와 제거상수를 예측할 수 있었다. Batch kinetic 실험과 batch sorption 실험으로부터 얻어진 분배계수는 용액 pH가 같을 시 거의 같은 값을 보이고 있다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.971-979
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• 2011

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is the mixed organic wastewater generated from palm oil industry. In this study, kinetic analysis with treating POME in an anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) was performed. Therefore, the AHR was monitored for its performances with respect to the changes of COD concentrations and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Batch tests were performed to find out the substrate removal kinetics by granular sludge from POME. Modified Stover Kincannon, First-order, Monod, Grau second-order kinetic models were used to analyze the performance of reactor. The results from the batch test indicate that the substrate removal kinetics of granular sludge is corresponds to follow Monod's theory. However, Grau second-order model were the most appropriate models for the continuous test in the AHR. The second order kinetic constant, saturation value constant, maximum substrate removal rate, and first-order kinetic constant were 2.60/day, 41.905 g/L-day, 39.683 g/L-day, and 1.25/day respectively. And the most appropriate model was Grau second-order kinetic model comparing the model prediction values and measured COD concentrations of effluent, whereas modified Stover-Kincannon model showed the lowest correlation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

Purpose: The kinetic evaluation was performed for swine manure (SM) degradation and biogas generation. Methods: The SM was anaerobically digested using batch digesters at feed to inoculum ratio (F/I) of 1.0 under mesophilic conditions ($36.5^{\circ}C$). The specific gas yield was expressed in terms of gram total chemical oxygen demand (mL/g TCOD added) and gram volatile solids added (mL/g VS added) and their effectiveness was discussed. The biogas and methane production were predicted using first order kinetic model and the modified Gompertz model. The critical hydraulic retention time for biomass washout was determined using Chen and Hashimoto model. Results: The biogas and methane yield from SM was 346 and 274 mL/ TCOD added, respectively after 100 days of digestion. The average methane content in the biogas produced from SM was 79% and $H_2S$ concentration was in the range of 3000-4108 ppm. It took around 32-47 days for 80-90% of biogas recovery and the TCOD removal from SM was calculated to be 85%. When the specific biogas and methane yield from SM (with very high TVFA concentration) was expressed in terms of oven dried volatile solids (VS) basis, the gas yield was found to be over estimated. The difference in the measured and predicted gas yield was in the range of 1.2-1.5% when using first order kinetic model and 0.1% when using modified Gompertz model. The effective time for biogas production ($T_{Ef}$) from SM was calculated to be in the range of 30-45 days and the critical hydraulic retention time ($HRT_{Critical}$) for biomass wash out was found to be 9.5 days. Conclusions: The modified Gompertz model could be better in predicting biogas and methane production from SM. The HRT greater than 10 days is recommended for continuous digesters using SM as feedstock.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2008

폐금속 광산 지역 등지에서 중금속으로 오염된 지하수의 정화 및 오염확산 방지를 위하여 투수성 반응벽체를 사용 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 슬래그가 투수성 반응벽체 충진물질로서 적당한지 평가하기 위하여 폐광산 지역에서 문제가 되고 있는 몇 가지 중금속(i.e., Pb, Cu, Cd)에 대한 슬래그의 반응성을 평가하였다. 폐광산 지역 지하수에는 중금속류들이 복합오염의 형태로 존재하며, 음이온 물질인 황산염, 탄산염 등도 공존한다. 중금속으로 오염된 현장의 조건을 고려하여, 1) 중금속 종류에 따른, 2) 초기 농도에 따른, 3) 음이온(황산염)의 존재에 따른 영향을 회분식 실험을 통하여 슬래그의 흡착능을 평가하였다. 슬래그의 흡착특성은 등온흡착평형(equilibrium sorption)과 동적인 흡착(kinetic sorption)인 경우 각 조건에 따른 영향을 확인하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2004

Batch test methods have developed for a long time to measure kinetic and stoichiometric parameters which are required to perform steady state design and mathematical modelling of activated sludge processes. However, at various So/Xo ratios, abnormal behaviors of ordinary heterotrophic organism in batch tests have been reported in many researches. Thus, in this research, abnormal behaviors of heterotrophs in batch tests were investigated at various So/Xo conditions by measuring and interpreting oxygen utilization rate. As So/Xo ratio increased, the calculated values of maximum specific growth rates, ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$, increased. However, at a certain point of So/Xo (around 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$ values started to decrease. According to this observation, three prominent behaviours of heterotrophs were identified at various So/Xo conditions. (1) At low So/Xo region (below 5 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), the oxygen utilization rate of heterotrophs in batch tests were almost stable and consequently yielded lower maximum specific growth rate. (2) At high So/Xo region (up to 5~10 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), oxygen utilization rate incresed sharply with time and indicated more upward curvature than the predicted OUR with conventional activated sludge model, which consists of single hetetrotrophs group. Thus, in this region, competition model of two organisms, fast-grower and slow-grower, seemed to be appropriate. (3) At extremely high So/Xo region (over 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), significant oxygen utilization rate was still observed even after depletion of readily biodegradable COD. This might be caused by retarded utilization of intermediates which were generated by self inhibition mechanism in the process of RBCOD uptake.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

본 연구는 팽창질석을 사용하여 수용액 상의 구리이온 흡착 제거능을 평가 하고자 하였다. 질석의 화학적 조성분석은 XRF, 구리이온 농도분석은 UV-VIS를 각각 사용하여 이루어졌다. 수용액 상의 구리이온의 제거양상을 살펴보기 위해 batch kinetic test와 batch sorption test가 실시되었고, 그 결과 구리의 제거속도($K_{obs}$, 1/hr)는 초기pH 3일때 0.73, pH 4일때 1.52, pH 5일때 1.71였고 초기농도가 $1mg\;L^{-1}$ 일때 3.19, 5일때 1.90, 10일때 0.73으로 초기구리농도와 반비례하고 초기 pH와는 비례하여 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 하지만 초기용액의 농도차이보다 초기pH의 영향이 지배적일 것이라는 예상하에 동일한 농도에 pH만 달리하여 실험해본 결과 역시 예상대로 pH에 따라 제거속도가 크게 차이남을 알 수 있었다. 최종적으로 batch sorption test를 통해 얻은 결과를 각각 Freundlich와 Langmuir 등온흡착식에 대입한 결과 두 식 모두 양호한 fitting 결과를 얻을 수 있었으나 Freundlich 식의 결정계수가 0.965로 Langmuir 식의 결정계수 0.936보다 좀 더 높게 나타나 좀 더 정확한 fitting 결과를 보여주었다. Langmuir 모델로부터 얻은 최대흡착용량($Q_{max}$), Freundlich 모델의 분배계수, n 값은 각각 $1,250mg\;kg^{-1}$, $635.1L\;kg^{-1}$, 1.69였다. 이러한 결과는 팽창질석이 다양한 형태의 수용액 상에 존재하는 구리이온을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.201-214
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• 1995

Design approach of upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket(UASB) process based on the biological kinetic parameters are known to be very difficult since the characteristics of the granular slut비e depends on the type of wastewater and size distribution of the granular sludge also depends on the upflow velocity in the UASB reactors. Furthermore, industrial wastewater containing toxic substances has been treated by UASB process without the clear knowledge of toxic effects on the granular slut형e. Hence, the present research was aimed on the intensive evaluation of biological kinetic parameters of the granular sludge in UASB reactor with and without toxic substance of 2, 4-dichlorophenol in order to present the basic design measures for UASB process design. The results could be summarized as follows. The biological kinetic parameters(k and Ks) considerably varied with the granular size of the sludge. Generally, 연e k and ks values of the granular sludge increased with the particle size of the granule. The biological kinetic parameters(k and Ks) of the granular sludge obtained from batch test were not applicable to design purpose of UASB process due to substrate diffusional limitation into the granular sludge in the completely mixed UASB reactors. The toxic effects on k and Ks greatly varied with the granular sixte. And as the toxicant concentration increased, the k value decreased while the Ks value increased. Inhibition constant(hi) for k with the toxicant of 2, 4-dichlorophenol varied from 0.5 to 2.3 depending on the granular sizes while the inhibition constant(Ki) for Ks varied from 20.7 to 80.1, showing the mixed inhibition.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 팽창질석을 이용하여 중금속 흡착 제거능을 평가 하고자 하였다. 먼저 XRF를 사용하여 질석의 화학적 조성을 분석하였고, 시료중의 중금속 농도분석은 ICP-AES를 사용하여 이루어졌다. 수용액 상의 중금속 제거 특성을 살펴보기 위해 Batch kinetic test와 batch sorption test가 실시되었으며 그 결과, 시료용액의 pH가 증가하는 양상을 보이다가 약 5시간 경과 후 pH가 평형상태에 도달함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 $3mg\;L^{-1}$의 초기농도로 실시된 실험에서 평형농도(1680분 후)에서의 제거율이 각각 Pb: 98.54%, Cd: 96.82%, Cu: 96.08%, Zn: 96.71%, Cr: 36.23%로 크롬을 제외한 모든 중금속 성분이 90% 이상의 높은 제거율을 나타내어 선별적이지만 중금속이 효과적으로 제거됨을 확인 할 수 있었다. 최종적으로 batch sorption test를 통해 얻은 결과를 각각 Freundlich와 Langmuir 등온흡착식에 대입한 결과 두 가지 등온흡착식 모두에서 흡착용량이 Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr의 순서로 나타났으며, Langmuir model을 통해 알아낸 최대흡착용량(Qmax)은 Pb $725.4mg\;kg^{-1}$, Cd $568.8mg\;kg^{-1}$, Zn $540.2mg\;kg^{-1}$, Cu $457.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ Cr $0.9mg\;kg^{-1}$로 나타나 크롬을 제외한 나머지 중금속에 대한 높은 흡착 제거능을 보임으로써 흡착제로써의 적용이 가능하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2016

본 연구는 팽창질석에 글리세롤과 황산으로 코팅하여 $580^{\circ}C$에서 가열시킨 코팅질석(MEVs)을 사용해 수용액 상의 구리이온을 더 효과적으로 흡착제거 할 수 있는가를 평가하고자 하였다. 수용액 상의 구리이온의 제거양상을 살펴보기 위해 batch kinetic test와 batch sorption test가 실시되었다. 그 결과, 구리 제거속도($K_{obs}$, 1/hr)는 MEVs가 1g(25g/L)일 때 0.579, 2g(50g/L)일 때 0.878, 3g(75g/L)일 때 3.459, 4g(100g/L)일 때 6.578이었고, 초기pH는 3.26이었다. 농도에 따른 제거실험에서 구리 제거속도는 3mg/L일 때 1.96, 5mg/L일 때 1.375, 8mg/L일 때 1.25, 10mg/L일 때 1.04었고, 초기 pH는 각각 3.46, 3.26, 3.10, 2.96이었다. 초기 pH에 따른 구리의 제거속도는 pH 3~pH 5에서 0.263~0.525의 범위를 보였다. 이 결과는 초기구리농도와는 반비례하고 초기 pH와는 비례하는 양상을 보였다. Batch sorption test에서 Langmuir 모델의 최대 흡착용량($Q_{max}$)과 Linear, Freundlich 모델의 분배계수는 각각 0.761mg/g, 0.494L/g, 0.729L/g(1/n = 0.476)였다. 이 결과는 글리세롤 코팅질석이 여러 형태의 수용액에 존재하는 구리이온을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제22권
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• pp.14-24
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• 2017

Carboxylated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) have been used as efficient adsorbents for the removal of picric acid from aqueous solutions under stirring and ultrasound conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to study the influence of the different parameters such as pH, amount of adsorbents, contact time and concentration of picric acid on the adsorption process. The kinetic data were fitted with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models. The kinetic studies were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for both methods. In addition, the adsorption isotherms of picric acid from aqueous solutions on the MWCNTs were investigated using six two-parameter models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Halsey, Harkins-Jura, Fowler-Guggenheim), four three-parameter models (Redlich-Peterson, Khan, Radke-Prausnitz, and Toth), two four-parameter equations (Fritz-Schlunder and Baudu) and one five-parameter equation (Fritz-Schlunder). Three error analysis methods, correlation coefficient, chi-square test and average relative errors, were applied to determine the best fit isotherm. The error analysis showed that the models with more than two parameters better described the picric acid sorption data compared to the two-parameter models. In particular, the Baudu equation provided the best model for the picric acid sorption data for both methods.