• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.189-201
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• 1977

Some of basic aspects of soil potassium with special reference to soil physical properties were discussed. Data in the Official Soil Series Description(Korea) was analyzed according to soil type, land form, and soil texture to find soil potassium status which may explain different response to potassium application. Exchangeable potassium contents decreased with soil depth irrespective of soil type, land form and soil texture. Change in degree of potassium saturation within soil profile was not so clear as exchangeable potassium but the degree of potassium saturation of A horizon was highest among soil horizon. Soils of terrace and mountain foot slope showed high values both in exchangeable potassium and degree of potassium sauration and only these two soils were classified as soils having exchangeable potassium higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil and degree of potassium saturation higher than 5.0%. Exchangeable potassium of fine loamy and fine clayey soils is higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil but degree of potassium saturation is lower than 4.0%. Degree of potassium saturation of sandy soils exceeds 5.0% but exchangeable potassium is very low. Soils of rolling, hilly, unmatured and alpine land soils have lower exchangeable potassium and show lower degree of potassium saturation. The highest distribution of exchangeable potassium content irrespective of soil horizons was shown in the range of 0.1-0.2 meq per 100g of soil. The highest distribution of degree of potassium saturation was in the range of 2.0-3.0% in A horizon and 1.0-2.0% in B and C horizons. Of the soil series concerned in this analysis, 27.3% in A horizon, 11.1% in B horizon and 4.0% in C horizon had exchangeable potassium higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil and 18.0% in A horizon, 6.3% in B horizon, and 4.1% in C horizon showed degree of potassium saturation higher than 5.0%. The low response of potassium application only to soils in terrace and mountain foot slope may be resulted from the high exchangeable potassium content and high degree of potassium saturation. It is concluded that a great response of potassium application to soils is expected especially in dry season.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to survey the successful cases of small and medium Business Systematization Cognition by examining their entrepreneurial characteristics and analysing the factors affecting their success. To that end, previous studies on the association types of small businesses were studied. A research model was developed, and research hypotheses for an empirical analysis were established upon it. Suh et al. (2010) insist on the importance of Small Business Systematization in Korea but also show that small business performance is suffering: they are too small to stand alone. That is why association is so crucial for them: they must stand together. Unfortunately, association is difficult, as they have few specific links and little motivation. Even in franchising networks, association tends to be initiated by big franchisers, not small ones. In that sense, association among small businesses is crucial for their long-term survival. With this in mind, this study examines how they think and feel about the issue of 'Industrial Classification', how important Industrial Classification is to their business success, and what kinds of problems it raises in the markets. This study seeks the different cognitions among the association types of small businesses from the perspectives of participation motivation, systematization expectation, policy demand level, and management performance. We assume that different industrial classification types of small businesses will have different cognitions concerning these factors. There are four basic industrial classification types of small businesses: retail sales, restaurant, service, and manufacturing. To date, most of the studies in this area have focused on collecting data on the external environments of small businesses or performing statistical analyses on their status. In this study, we surveyed 4 market areas in Busan, Masan, and Changwon in Korea, where business associations consist of merchants, shop owners, and traders. We surveyed 330 shops and merchants by sending a questionnaire or visiting. Finally, 268 questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. An ANOVA, T-test, and regression analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses. The results demonstrate that there are differences in cognition depending upon the industrial classification type. Restaurants generally have a higher cognition concerning job offer problems and a lower cognition concerning their competitiveness. Restaurants also depend more on systematization expectation than do the other industrial classification types. On the policy demand level, restaurants have a higher cognition. This study identifies several factors that are contributing to management performance through differences in cognition that depend upon association type: systematization expectation and policy demand level have positive effects on management performance; participation motivation has a negative effect on management performance. We confirm also that the image factors of different cognitions are linked to an awareness of the value of systematization and that these factors show sequential and continual patterns in the course of generating performances. In conclusion, this study carries significant implications in its classifying of small businesses into the four different associational types (retail sales, restaurant, services, and manufacturing). We believe our study to be the first one to conduct an empirical survey in this subject area. More studies in this area will likely use our research frameworks. The data show that regionally based industrial classification associations such as those in rural cities or less developed areas tend to suffer more problems than those in urban areas. Moreover, restaurants suffer more problems than the norm. Most of the problems raised in this study concern the act of 'associating itself'. Most associations have serious difficulties in associating. On the other hand, the area where they have the least policy demand is that of service types. This study contributes to the argument that associating, rather than financial assistance or management consulting, promotes the start-up and managerial performance of small businesses. This study also has some limitations. The main limitation is the number of questionnaires. We could not survey all the industrial classification types across the country because of budget and time limitations. If we had, we could have produced many more useful results and enhanced the precision of our analysis. The history of systemization is very short and the number of industrial classification associations is relatively low in Korea. We should keep in mind, though, that this is very crucial to systemization entrepreneurs starting their businesses, as it can heavily affect their chances of success. Being strongly associated with each other might be critical to the business success of industrial classification members. Thus, the government needs to put more effort and resources into supporting the drive of industrial classification members to become more strongly associated.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 1973

This report is prepared to promote cocoon natures for the use of silk reeling material. It is easily understandable that there must be disuniformity composed with superior group and inferior group in commercial silkworms. If such different groups be seperated by some method, it would be a great contribution for the cocoon production. For a comparative purpose, silkworm sex seperation carried out because male silkworms produce more silk than female worms. The author has developed a new chemical reagent available for the seperation of superior group and inferior group from commercial silkworms, which he has named it as Better Hybrid Controller (BHC). The obtained comparative results are summarized as followings. 1. Basic investigation of BHC application a) In case BHC applied with hybrid worms and pure line, the former one starts to adapt mulberry leaves earlyer than pure line variety. b) The mulberry adapting interval distribution of pure line worms after BHC application showed U type distribution, but hybrid worms showed L type or Poisson's distribution. c) In case of BHC application with silkworms, the longer period application is, the duller distribution was formed. d) When silkworms are seperated in two groups by use of BHC application, the earlyer mulberry adapted group is seemed as stronger than the other part and the group ratio is 2 : 1. 2. Comparation between sex seperation result and better hydrid control (BHC) seperation result. a) The cocoon shell per cent of male worm group showed betweer result than the female group but only 0.4% difference between sexes. b) The cocoon shell per cent of superior group, seperated by BHC, showed 0.7% more than the inferior group. c) The average cocoon shell per cent of BHC treated cocoons showed much more than the Control group as 1.6∼2.4% increase. Enven the inferior group showed better result than the Control. d) Such unexpected result is considered to be the result that BHC application is activating some thing with silkworm physiology. e) On the ether hand, the result of sexes seperated groups or male worm group did not show desirable conclusion as far as cocoon shell per cent is concerned. f) However, when the male group was reeled as silk, it showed much better silk yield or silk per cent of cocoon than the female group as much as one per cent difference between by sexes. Such result was brought by superior silk yield from cocoon shell as much as 87.4%. g) On the other hand, the male group showed lowest non breaking reelable ratio (63%) among all group comparation. h) When we compare cocoon qualities by sex seperation and BHC seperation against the Control, there is no qualitative change, but BHC group showed quantitative promotion with cocoon bave length as much as about hundred meters. i) In case of calculation for productive income of cocoon production, BHC applied group showed about ten per cent income promotion more than the Control. The sexes seperated group, however, showed rather negative result because the male cocoon produced poor weight per box eggs which could not cover it by the inclose of silk yield of it. j) So, the BHC application with the fetched worm stage brought about big promotion for cocoon production. k) BHC method may be used either for seperation purpose or quantitative promotion with whole silk-worms. 3. Only male silkworms rearing did not show desirable productivity, so there is no reason to work out it in the fetching stage of worm.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2010

Digital content makes big changes to our daily lives while bringing opportunities and challenges for companies. Creative firms integrate pictures, texts, videos, audios, and data by digitalization to develop new products or services and create digital experiences to promote their brands. Most articles on digital content contribute to the basic concept or development of marketing it in literature. Actually, compared with traditional value chains for common products or services, the digital content industry seems to have more potential value. Because quite a bit of digital content is free to the consumer, price is not necessarily perceived as an indicator of the quality or value of information (Rowley 2008). It becomes evident that a current theme in digital content is the issue of "value," and research on customers' perceived value of digital content is a necessity. This article argues that experiential value has an advantage in customers' evaluations of digital content. Two different but related contributions to the understanding of "value" of digital content are made here. First, based on the comparison of digital content with products and services, the article proposes two key characteristics that make experiential strategy available for digital content: intangibility and near-zero reproduction cost. On top of that, based on the discussion of the gap between company's idealized value and customer's perceived value, this article emphasizes that digital content prices and pricing of digital content is different from products and services. As a result of intangibility, prices may not reflect customer value. Moreover, the cost of digital content in the development stage may be very high while reproduction costs shrink dramatically. Moreover, because of the value gap mentioned before, the pricing polices vary for different digital contents. For example, flat price policy is generally used for movies and music (Magiera 2001; Netherby 2002), while for continuous demand, digital content such as online games and anti-virus programs involves a more complicated matter of utility and competitive price levels. Digital content companies have to explore various kinds of strategies to overcome this gap. Rethinking marketing solutions such as advertisements, images, and word-of-mouth and their effect on customers' perceived value becomes essential. China's digital content industry is becoming more and more globalized and drawing special attention from different countries and regions that have respective competitive advantages. The 2008-2009 Annual Report on the Development of China's Digital Content Industry (CCIDConsulting 2009) indicates that, with the driven power of domestic demand and governmental policy support, the country's digital content industry maintained a fast growth of some 30 percent in 2008, obviously indicating the initial stage of industry expansion. In China, anti-virus programs and other software programs which need to be updated use a quarter-based pricing policy. Customers can download a trial version for free and use it for six months or a year. If they want to use it longer, continuous payment is needed. They examine the excellence of the digital content during this trial period and decide whether to pay for continued usage. For China’s music and movie industries, as a result of initial development, experiential strategy has not been much applied, even though firms in other countries find the trial experience and explore important strategies(such as customers listening to music for several seconds for free before downloading it). For the above reasons, anti-virus program may be a representative for digital content industry in China and an exploratory study of the advantage of experiential value in customer's perceived value of digital content is done in the anti-virus market of China. In order to enhance the reliability of the survey data, this study focused on people who were experienced users of anti-virus programs. The empirical results revealed that experiential value has a positive effect on customers' perceived value of digital content. In other words, because digital content is intangible and the reproduction costs are nearly zero, customers' evaluations are based heavily on their experience. Moreover, image and word-of-mouth do not have a positive effect on perceived value, only on experiential value. That is to say, a digital content value chain is different from that of a general product or service. Experiential value has a notable advantage and mediates the effect of image and word-of-mouth on perceived value. The results of this study help provide an understanding of why free digital content downloads exist in developing countries. Customers can perceive the value of digital content only by using and experiencing it. This is also why such governments support the development of digital content. Other developing countries whose digital content business is also in the beginning stage can make use of the suggestions here. Moreover, based on the advantage of experiential strategy, companies should make more of an effort to invest in customers' experience. As a result of the characteristics and value gap of digital content, customers perceive more value in the intangible digital content only by experiencing what they really want. Moreover, because of the near-zero reproduction costs, companies can perhaps use experiential strategy to enhance customer understanding of digital content.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 1978

This study was carried out to obtain basic data for the type selection of furrow openers for the no-tillage soybean planter trailed by the two-wheel tractor from the standpoint of minimum draft and good performance of furrowing. For this study, two models of furrow opener, hoe and disc type, were tested on the artificial soil stuffed in the moving soil bin. The results obtained were as follows. In the case of disc furrow opener, the drafts were measured according to various diameters of discs under the condition of disc angle $8^{\circ}$ and $16^{\circ}$, working depth 3cm and 6cm, working speed 2.75cm/sec. Minimum draft appeared when the diameter of disc was about 28cm and the drafts increased as the diameter of discs became larger or smaller than this diameter. Specific draft showed almost same tendencies as above but showed the minimum when the diameter was about 30cm. For the purpose of controlling the seeding depth, the relationships between draft and working depths, 3cm and 6cm, were tested. The variations of draft concerning the various working depths showed linear changes and were affected in higher degree by depths than other factors. There were general tendencies at both working depths, 3cm and 6cm, that total draft showed the minimum with the disc diameter of about 28cm and specific draft showed it with the disc diameter of about 30cm regardless of disc angle and working speed. For the purpose of controlling the working width and speed, the relationships among drafts, disc angle and working speed were investigated and there were general tendencies that the draft increased as the angle and speed were increased and the draft was affected more by speed than by angle. To compare the hoe-type with disc-type opener, the specific drafts of hoe openers were compared with those of disc opener of $16^{\circ}$ angle and 30cm diameter. The specific draft of disc-type opener with the diameter of 30cm was $0.35{\sim}0.5kg/cm^2$, while $0.71{\sim}1.02kg/cm^2$ in the case of hoe type with the lift angle of $20^{\circ}$ which is 2 times as much as that of disc type in average value. And the furrows opened by disc openers were cleaner than those opened by hoe openers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.167-180
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• 1993

Most of small size diesel engines are widely used with the same size and weight flywheel in the levels of 6.0kW and 7.5kW. This study was conducted to obtain basic data which affect the engine performance of the power tiller. The flywheel weight was considered as a major factor in this research. Basically, fuel consumption ratio, motoring loss, torque, vibration and mechanical efficiency of the engine were measured and analyzed on four levels of flywheel weight, 32.2, 29.4, 26.2 and $24.2kg_f$, respectively. Results were obtained as follows: 1. The weights of flywheel were $23.7kg_f$ from design program of JSME and $24.5kg_f$ from ASME and SAE design criteria. Therefore, the flywheel weight of $32.2kg_f$ might be reduced about $8kg_f$ in 7.5kW engine. 2. The rated outputs of 6.0kW and 7.5kW engine were actually 7.43kW and 7.85kW, respectively. When flywheel weight was reduced from $32.2kg_f$ to $24.2kg_f$, outputs were increased from 7.43kW to 7.70kW in 6.0kW engine and from 7.85kW to 8.25kW in 7.5kW engine. 3. When the flywheel weight was reduced from $32.2kg_f$ to $24.2kg_f$, fuel consumption ratio was decreased from 300.8 to 296.8g/kW-hr in 6.0kW engine and also from 313.6 to 312.8g/kW-hr in 7.5 kW engine, respectively. 4. When the flywheel weight was reduced from $32.2kg_f$ to $24.2kg_f$, mechanical efficiency of engine was increased from 76.1% to 76.8% in 6.0kW engine and also from 76.7% to 77.0% in 7.5kW engine, respectively. 5. When the flywheel weight was reduced from $32.2kg_f$ to $24.2kg_f$, vibration was decreased at X-axis and Z-axis in 6.0kW engine, however, slightly increased at Y-axis in 6.0kW engine and at all axes in 7.5kW engine. 6. When the flywheel weight was reduced from $32.2kg_f$ to $24.4kg_f$ motoring loss was decreased from 2.33kW to 1.75kW in 6.0kW engine and also from 2.46kW to 1.84kW in 7.5kW engine.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.212-224
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• 1989

This paper reports results of an investigation to determine properties of superplasticizered fly ash concrete. The mixture proportions of fly ash were 0, 10, 20 and 30%, by weight of cement, and superplasticizer was added as a percentage of fly ash, 0, 0.6, 12 and 1.8%. To investigate the effective use of the superplasticized fly ash concrete, the basic data were analyzed. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The unit water content was decreased by 1%, 6% and increased by 2% to the ratio of addition of fly ash 10%, 20%, 30%, respectively, but in case of the superplasticized fly ash concrete, it was decreased by 3~16%, 4~14% and 10~17%, at 0.6, 12, and 1.8% dosage of superplasticizer, respectively. 2. In the properties of the fresh fly ash concrete, the slump loss was reduced with the ratio of replacement of fly ash increased, and with times went by. When using superplasticizer in fly ash substituting concrete, the fludity in the concrete was not decreased. 3. The compressive strength of fly ash concrete at early ages was lower than that of ordinary concrete. At the later age of 28 days, the compressive strength with 20% addition of fly ash was increased than that of ordinary concrete. In cased of 10%, 30% addition of fly ash, the compressive strength were reduced. From this, it was proved that the optimum amount of fly ash appears to be about 20%. The compressive strength at all ages of superplasticized fly ash concrete was significantly higher than that of fly ash concrete, with increasing fly ash content. 4. In case of the tensile strength, the effects of the increasing strength with the ages were similar to those of the compressive strtength, and at the later ages was seen a decreasing tendency of strengths. 5. The correlation between compressive and tensile strength of superplasticized fly ash concrete was highly significant. The multiple regression equations of compressive and tensile strength were obtained on a function of the mixture proportion of fly ash and the addition of superplasticizer. The relation between compressive and tensile strength is higher than for ordinary concrete. The strength ratio is 7~11, and it is higher than that of ordinary concrete, 8~10. 6. Bulk density was decreased by 1~3% compared with ordinary concrete with the mixture proportion of fly ash increased, 10~30%, and decreased by 1~2% with the superplasticizer added 0.6~1.8%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1988

This study was conducted to obtain basic data which affected engine performance of the power tiller being widely used in the rural area. Among the various factors affected engine performance, only flywheel weight was considered as the major factor in this study. Fuel consumption ratio, motoring loss, torque, vibration and mechanical efficiency of the engine tested were measured and analyzed on the four levels of flywheel weight (32.2, 29.7, 26.4, 24.2 kg). The results obtained were as follows: 1. The maximum output of 6 and 7.5 kW engine was 7.43 kW and 7.85 kW respectively. When flywheel weight was reduced from 32.2 kg to 24.2 kg, output power of the engine was increased 0.27 kW in 6 kW engine and increased 0.39 kW in 7.5 kW engine. 2. The fuel consumption ratio was decreased from 300.8 to 296.8 g/kW-hr in 6 kW engine and decreased from 313.6 to 312.8 g/kW-hr in 7.5 kW engine when the flywheel weight was reduced from 32.2 kg to 24.2 kg. 3. The mechanical efficiencies of the engine was increased from 76.1 to 76.8% in 6 kW engine and increased from 76.7 to 77.0% in 7.5 kW engine when the flywheel weight was reduced from 32.2 kg to 24.2 kg. 4. When the flywheel weight was reduced from 32.2 kg to 24.2 kg, a tendency of a little decrease of vibration at X- and Z-axis in 6 kW engine and of a little increase of vibration at Y-axis in 6 kW engine and all directions in 7.5 kW engine was observed. 5. Motoring losses was decreased from 2.33 to l.76 kW in 6 kW engine and decreased from 2.46 to 1.84 kW in 7.5 kW engine when the flywheel weight was reduced from 32.2 kg to 24.2 kg. From the above results and the flywheel weight calculated theoretically, it was recommendable that the flywheel weight should be reduced about 7 kg in 6 kW engine and about 10 kg in 7.5 kW engine, respectively.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

As the world becomes more globalized, business competition becomes fiercer, while consumers' needs for less expensive quality products are on the increase. Business operations make an effort to secure a competitive edge in costs and services, and the logistics industry, that is, the industry operating the storing and transporting of goods, once thought to be an expense, begins to be considered as the third cash cow, a source of new income. Logistics centers are central to storage, loading and unloading of deliveries, packaging operations, and dispensing goods' information. As hubs for various deliveries, they also serve as a core infrastructure to smoothly coordinate manufacturing and selling, using varied information and operation systems. Logistics centers are increasingly on the rise as centers of business supply activities, growing beyond their previous role of primarily storing goods. They are no longer just facilities; they have become logistics strongholds that encompass various features from demand forecast to the regulation of supply, manufacturing, and sales by realizing SCM, taking into account marketability and the operation of service and products. However, despite these changes in logistics operations, some centers have been unable to shed their past roles as warehouses. For the continuous development of logistics centers, various measures would be needed, including a revision of current supporting policies, formulating effective management plans, and establishing systematic standards for founding, managing, and controlling logistics centers. To this end, the research explored previous studies on the use and effectiveness of logistics centers. From a theoretical perspective, an evaluation of the overall introduction, purposes, and transitions in the use of logistics centers found issues to ponder and suggested measures to promote and further advance logistics centers. First, a fact-finding survey to establish demand forecast and standardization is needed. As logistics newspapers predicted that after 2012 supply would exceed demand, causing rents to fall, the business environment for logistics centers has faltered. However, since there is a shortage of fact-finding surveys regarding actual demand for domestic logistic centers, it is hard to predict what the future holds for this industry. Accordingly, the first priority should be to get to the essence of the current market situation by conducting accurate domestic and international fact-finding surveys. Based on those, management and evaluation indicators should be developed to build the foundation for the consistent advancement of logistics centers. Second, many policies for logistics centers should be revised or developed. Above all, a guideline for fair trade between a shipper and a commercial logistics center should be enacted. Since there are no standards for fair trade between them, rampant unfair trades according to market practices have brought chaos to market orders, and now the logistics industry is confronting its own difficulties. Therefore, unfair trade cases that currently plague logistics centers should be gathered by the industry and fair trade guidelines should be established and implemented. In addition, restrictive employment regulations for foreign workers should be eased, and logistics centers should be charged industry rates for the use of electricity. Third, various measures should be taken to improve the management environment. First, we need to find out how to activate value-added logistics. Because the traditional purpose of logistics centers was storage and loading/unloading of goods, their profitability had a limit, and the need arose to find a new angle to create a value added service. Logistic centers have been perceived as support for a company's storage, manufacturing, and sales needs, not as creators of profits. The center's role in the company's economics has been lowering costs. However, as the logistics' management environment spiraled, along with its storage purpose, developing a new feature of profit creation should be a desirable goal, and to achieve that, value added logistics should be promoted. Logistics centers can also be improved through cost estimation. In the meantime, they have achieved some strides in facility development but have still fallen behind in others, particularly in management functioning. Lax management has been rampant because the industry has not developed a concept of cost estimation. The centers have since made an effort toward unification, standardization, and informatization while realizing cost reductions by establishing systems for effective management, but it has been hard to produce profits. Thus, there is an urgent need to estimate costs by determining a basic cost range for each division of work at logistics centers. This undertaking can be the first step to improving the ineffective aspects of how they operate. Ongoing research and constant efforts have been made to improve the level of effectiveness in the manufacturing industry, but studies on resource management in logistics centers are hardly enough. Thus, a plan to calculate the optimal level of resources necessary to operate a logistics center should be developed and implemented in management behavior, for example, by standardizing the hours of operation. If logistics centers, shippers, related trade groups, academic figures, and other experts could launch a committee to work with the government and maintain an ongoing relationship, the constraint and cooperation among members would help lead to coherent development plans for logistics centers. If the government continues its efforts to provide financial support, nurture professional workers, and maintain safety management, we can anticipate the continuous advancement of logistics centers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.152-165
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• 1993

This is the basic study in order to know the amount of transpirational water loss in a Larix leptorepis stand by a heat pulse method. Especially this study has been measured and discussed the diurnal and seasonal trends of heat pulse velocity by changes of radiation, temperature and humidity, differences of heat pulse velocity by direction and depth in stem, differences of heat pulse velocity by dominant, codominant and suppressed trees, diurnal change of heat pulse velocity by change of leaf water potential, sap flow path way in sapwood by dye penetration and amount of daily and annual transpiration in a tree and stand. The results obtained as follows : 1. Relation between heat pulse velocity(V) and sap flow rate(SFR) was established as a equation of SFR=1.37V($r=0.96^{**}$). 2. The sap flow rate presented in the order of dominant, codominant and suppressed tree, respectively. The daily heat pulse velocity was changed by radiation, temperature and vapor pressure deficit. 3. The heat pulse velocity in individual trees did not differ in early morning and in late night, but had some differed from 12 to 16 hours when radiation was relatively high. 4. The heat pulse velocity and leaf water potential showed similar diurnal variation. 5. The seasonal variation of heat pulse velocity was highest in August, but lowest in October and similar value of heat pulse velocity in the other months. 6. The heat pulse velocity in stem by direction was highest in eastern, but lowest in southern and similar velocity in western and northern. 7. The difference of heat pulse velocity in according to depths was highest in 2.0cm depth, medium in 1.0cm depth, and lowest in 3.0cm depth from surface of stem. 8. The sap flow path way in stem showed spiral ascent turning right pattern in five sample trees, especially showed little spiral ascent turning right in lower part than 3m hight above ground, but very speedy in higher than 3m hight. 9. The amount of sap flow(SF) was presented as a equation of SF=1.37AV and especially SF in dominant tree was larger than in codominant or suppressed tree. 10. The amount of daily transpiration was 30.8ton/ha/day and its composition ratio was 83% at day and 17% at night. 11. The amount of stand transpiration per month was largest in August(1,194ton/ha/month), lowest in May (386ton/ha/month). The amount of stand transpiration per year was 3,983ton/ha/year.