• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper feeding level and duration of fermented barley grain feed before harvesting to improve the availability of barley for feed. Trial 1 was to investigate the proper feeding amount of fermented barley grain fermented feed, and we prepared 32 heads (603.4 ± 42.7kg) of 22-month-old Hanwoo steer (603.4 ± 42.7kg) for 8 heads in 4 treatment groups. 48 heads (625.8 ± 13.1kg) for Trial 2 were used for 12heads per 4 treatments, and were reared for about 9 months until 30 months of age. Trial 1 is treated a Control group that feed 10㎏ of concentrate, replaces 10% fermented barley grain feed(FBGF) of the control by (TRT 1) and 20% (TRT 2) and 30%(TRT 3). Concentrate and FBGF fed 9, 2.1 kg, 8, 4.2 kg, 7 and 7, 6.3 kg on each treatments respectively and 1.5 kg of rice straw for forage. In Trial 2, 10% of alternative diets were judged to be appropriate, and the control of 9kg of diets and barley grain fermented feeds were used to determine the appropriate feeding period. The treatments were 3 months before shipment (TRT 1), 6 months (TRT 2) and 9 months (TRT32). Each treatment group had 8 and 2.1 kg of concentrate and barley grain fermentation, respectively. As a feed, rice straw was fed to 1.5 kg. The daily gains per treatment were higher in TRT 1 and TRT 3 was similar to the Control. Body weight and daily gain during the test period were higher in TRT 1 fed 10% barley grain fermented feed. TRT 2 was the highest at 6.13, and TRT 3 was 6.0, which was higher than 5.63 of TRT 1 and 5.5 of Control.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1983

In the present study, two kinds of D-xylanases (1, 4-$\beta$-D-xylan xylanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.8) were purified and characterized from crude extract of Aspergillus niger KG79. Xylanase I was most active at pH 5.0, whereas xylanse II at pH 4.0 Both enzymes demonstrated their maximum activity at 45$^{\circ}C$. They were relatively stable between pH 4.0 and 6.0 at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. Molecular weight of xylanse I and II were 12, 500 and 11, 500, respectively. Michaelis-Menten constants of xylanse I and II were 0.28% and 0.26% of xylan, respectively. Both enzymes could degrade commercial D-xylan to xylose, xylobiose, and xylotriose to the degree of about 10% of total reducing power. Xylanse I could, however, liberate arabinose from barley straw xylan in addition to xylose and xylooligasaccharides more rapidly than xylanase II. The degree of hydrolysis was about 25%. The reconstituted D-xylanase system with purified xylanases and $\beta$-xylosidase degraded commercial xylan and barley straw xylan to the degree of 28% and 54% respectively. The limit of hydrolysis by the enzymes was suggested to be resulted from the physical structure of the substrate.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2012

In this study, the in vitro fermentation parameters of whole crop barley (WCBS-TMR) and Italian ryegrass (IRGS-TMR) silage total mixed rations were compared. A rice straw based diet (RSBD), which was a mixture of rice straw and concentrate (60:40), was used as the control. The feeds were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours at $39^{\circ}C$. At the end of each incubation period the following parameters were determined, total gas, pH, ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and then the acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) was calculated. The dietary treatments did not affect (p>0.05) the overall production of $NH_3$-N, gas, total VFA and all the individual VFA, with the exception of n-butyrate (p<0.001). The treatment diets significantly affected the A/P ratio (p<0.01). The control diet resulted in the lowest A/P ratios, followed by WCBS-TMR and lastly IRGS-TMR had the highest ratios. Gas production was not different between treatments, suggesting a probable similar level of digestibility when treatments are fed to animals. It can therefore be concluded from the present study that WCBS and IRGS are of almost an equivalent nutritional value when incubated in a TMR form. WCBS-TMR however resulted in lower A/P ratios than IRGS-TMR, which is indicative of a more energy efficient diet.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.50-56
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• 2008

Aqueous thermal liquefaction of rice, barley, wheat, and rapeseed straws was investigated to compare the amount of heavy oil with catalysts such as $K_2CO_3$, NaOH and KOH in the reaction temperature at $320^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The reaction was carried out in a 5,000ml liquefaction system with dispenser and external electrical furnace. Raw materials (160g), 2,000ml of distilled water and 10% (wt/wt) of catalyst to plant residue were fed into the reactor. It was observed that the maximum heavy oil yield was about 29% from the feeding stock, barley straw, with addition of KOH. The caloric values of crude oil from different crop residues were ranged from 55% to 66% relative to the raw materials depend on crop residue. It was appeared that its maximum calorific value from wheat straw was approximately 6190 kcal/kg.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.309-314
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• 2010

Bale is an operation of collecting livestock feed materials from field crop residue, and mechanization demand on the operation has been increased. Bailers imported from foreign countries such as Japan and European countries have been used, but those models showed improper performance in Korean situations. In recent years, a steel-roller type round baler attachable to medium size tractors(40 to 60 HP) for effective bale operation in Korea was developed. This study was conducted to evaluate field performance of the baler. For proper baling operation, engine speed was greater than 1,800rpm, average traction force and PTO torque were about 4kN and in a range of 380-671Nm, and maximum values were about 7kN and 3,000Nm, respectively. Performance evaluation tests for sudan grass, rice straw, and blue barley showed that field capacity was 0.59ha/h for blue barley and 0.99ha/h for sudan grass and rice straw. Bale weight, diameter, width, and bulk density were in ranges of 176.1~418.4kg, 1.07~1.12m, 1.02~1.04m, and 175.3~454.1kg/$m^3$. Noise sound level during the baling operation was 4dB greater than idle operation condition, which was considered to be ignorant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 1997

When the rice straw mulched, the inhibition of weed growth was observed in the paddy field. If we use these allelopathic effect of decreased weed establishment, we can save labor, and protect environment. Aqueous extract of rice straw were bioassayed using water foxtail seeds to investigate chair effects on the germination and the growth, and to identify allelopathic compounds. The major results obtained were summarized as follows : Aqueous extract was fractioned by solvent, among various fractions, II-3, II-4 fractions inhibited the coleoptile and the radical of water foxtail, by 100%, respectively. There were fumaric acid and 4 unknown organic acids. Seven organic acids including fumaric acid inhibited the growth and germination of water foxtail in $10^{-2}$M solution. One of the most effective allelopathic compounds in rice straw was identified the unknown organic acid, as molecular weight 253, by GC/MS.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 1984

Effects of major phenolic acids identified from barley residues (straw, root) on the germination of rice and 3 paddy weeds such as Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus serotinus, and Potamogeton distintus were evaluated to obtain the basic informations on the development of naturally occurring herbicides. The predominant phenolic compounds extracted from barley residues in both straw and root were identified as p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, vanillic, and salicylic acids by means of paper chromatography. Total phenol content of barley straw and root at the harvesting stage was 0.169% and 0.127% per dry weight, respectively. During the decomposing process, total phenol content slightly increased and then decreased. The germination of test plants was inhibited by treatments of 4 major authentic phenolic acids identified, most significantly on rice, and less on E. crusgalli, and C. serotinus. P. distintus, however, was markedly stimulated by them as the concentration increased, and then sprouted buds of pondweeds were changed to dark brownish color, resulting in the death as the treatment prolonged. The greater inhibitory effect appeared on shoot growth rather than germination. The aqueous extracts of barley residues showed the similar inhibitory effect on the germination and shoot growth of rice and three paddy weeds as the treatments of 4 authentic phenolic acids.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.308-312
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The nutrient balance in Korea during 1985-2006 had continually increased and maintained the highest levels among OECD countries. The use of green manure crops such as barley and hairy vetch is common practice for reducing chemical fertilizer application and maintaining soil fertility. However, green manure crops can also be used as a livestock feeding material which may reduce nutrient balance in the national scale. We calculated nitrogen and phosphate balance under green manure-rice cultivating system where all green manure was removed and used for feeding livestock. METHODS AND RESULTS: The barley and hairy vetch grown in pure stands or in mixtures with different sowing rates were tested for rice cultivation without chemical fertilization. The conventional fertilization (NPK) for rice cultivation was selected to compare nutrient balance with green manure-rice cultivation. Nitrogen and phosphate balance were calculated according to the surface balance method of the PARCOM guidelines. Total aboveground biomass of mixture (barley and hairy vetch) was higher compared to that of pure barley or hairy vetch. Among the mixture with barley and hairy vetch, the highest aboveground biomass was observed in B75H25 (barley 75%+hairy vetch 25%). The nitrogen and phosphate balance in the B75H25 mixture was-104 kg N/ha and-50.3 kg P/ha, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The barley and hairy vetch mixture proved to be a very effective strategy for biomass production of green manure. The amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer to be applied is estimated to be 104 kg N/ha and 50.3 kg P/ha in order to maintain soil fertility if all green manure and rice straw were removed from rice field for livestock feeding.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 2016

Cellulose acetate is one of well-known industrial materials which have various commercial uses. We treated the lignocellulosic biomass using two-step (steam explosion-chemical) reaction followed by acetylation to get the cellulose acetate in this study. The two-step treatment was done to improve the yields of acetylation of the substrates. The yields of the cellulose acetate were about 88.4, 88.1, and 151.7% in barley straw, rice straw, and oak tree, respectively. Also the degree of substitution (DS) of the acetates was 2.1 to 2.5 in the biomass. We found that the biomass were valuable cellulosic sources, including their derivatives, in this study. This means that the biomass can be converted into the high-valued cellulosic stuff.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.511-511
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• 2009

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic material on earth and also promising raw material for bioenergy production. Agricultural residues in the process of bio-oil extraction, is an abundant and low-cost lignocellulosic material. The technology for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass resources to fuels and chemicals, such as ethanol, has been under development for decades. One of the well-studied technologies that are currently being commercialized is to use a dilute acid-catalyzed pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to produce ethanol. In this work, the dilute-acid hydrolysis of agricultural residues was optimized through the utilization of statistical experimental design. Evaluation criteria for optimization of the pretreatment conditions were based on high xylose recovery and low inhibitor contents in the hydrolyzates. The purpose of this study was to gain a more accurate understanding of the quantities of acid required for effective hydrolysis and the reactivity trade-offs with reaction time and temperature that will enable overall process optimization.