• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2008

This trial was conducted to assess effects of cattle slurry application on productivity and feed values of barley and hairy vetch when they were influenced by single or mixed-sowed cultivation in paddy fields, and to obtain good quality of organic forage resources. The results summarized are as follows. For barley and hairy vetch, single-sowed cultivation was lower in annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields than mixed-sowed (P<0.05). Although crude protein (CP) contents for the barley within single-sowed treatments were lowest as 6.5%, those of hairy vetch within the same sowed method were highest as 16.7%. However, mixed-sowed cultivation with barley and hairy vetch, showing 13.8% CP content, was significantly (P<0.05) higher than CP and relative feed value (RFV) of barley alone treatment. For barley alone treatment, cattle slurry application significantly increased annual DM and TDN yields in comparison with treatments of P+K fertilization as chemical fertilizers and no fertilizer as controls. Results from cattle slurry application showed 84% and 82% in contrast with chemical fertilizer for annual DM and TDN yields, respectively. For mixed-sowed cultivation with barley and hairy vetch, cattle slurry application showed 90% and 94% annual DM and TDN yields, respectively as compared with N+P+K fertilization as chemical fertilizers. Crude protein contents ($14.2{\sim}15.9%$) for cattle slurry application treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. Moreover, cattle slurry application treatment had the highest TDN and RFV among treatments, showing $60.7{\sim}61.8%$ and $112.2{\sim}118.1$, respectively. For hairy vetch alone treatments, annual DM and TDN yields of cattle slurry alone application treatment were highest among fertilization treatments. Furthermore, CP, TDN and RFV of cattle slurry alone application treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. The results showed that mixed-sowed cultivation rather than single-sowed for barley or hairy vetch improved their nutritive value and quality, and also within mixed-sowed cultivation, cattle slurry application increased production yield per ha and CP contents. In the application of above system to organic livestock farming, it would be expected that forages produced by cattle slurry application under mixed-sowed method might become a substitute for foreign organic grain as protein sources.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.4_spc
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• pp.775-785
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• 2024

Pork production is a significant agricultural enterprise in the United States and Canada. The United States is the third-largest global producer of pork and Canada ranks seventh in pork production. The North American Free Trade Agreement and its successor, the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, have facilitated trade and integration between the two countries. The majority of production systems are modern and intensive, characterized by large vertically integrated farms using advanced technologies. Both nations benefit from their status as major producers of feed grains, with the United States leading in corn and soybeans, while Canada excels in canola and barley production. The regulatory frameworks for food safety, animal welfare, and environmental stewardship differ slightly, with the FDA and USDA overseeing these aspects in the United States, and Health Canada and the Canada Food Inspection Agency in Canada. The United States and Canada also have well-established distribution networks for pork products, relying on both domestic and international markets. Export markets play a crucial role, with the United States being a major importer of Canadian pigs, and both countries exploring opportunities in Asia. Despite a rise in global demand, domestic pork consumption trends differ, with per capita consumption remaining stable in the USA and declining in Canada. Changing consumer preferences, including a demand for ethically raised and locally sourced pork, may influence production practices. Future trends in pig production include a focus on consumer concerns, sustainability, disease prevention, reduction of antimicrobial use, and advancements in technology. The industry is adapting to challenges such as disease outbreaks and changing regulations, with a strong emphasis on animal welfare. Labor and workforce considerations, along with advancements in technology and automation, are expected to shape the efficiency of pork production in the future.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2012

The competition between green manure and forage crops frequently occurred at agricultural field because of soil fertility and livestock feeding selection. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects shoot and residue for green manure and forage production by leguminous crops and barley mixtures at paddy. Field experiments were conducted at paddy soil from 2008 to 2009. Treatments consisted of mixture and inter-seeding of barley and leguminous crops (hairy vetch and crimson clover). These treatments were divided into cutting height of 8 and 25 cm for using of green manure and forage at once. The residue biomass of 25 cm cutting height was higher than 8 cm and were no significantly between mixture and inter-seeding. However, residues of legume crop were significantly higher at inter-seeding than mixture. The shoot biomass of 8 cm cutting height was higher than 25 cm for forage using. The production of legume crop was high at the barley and hairy vetch seeding plot. The mixture of hairy vetch and barley showed the best biomass of shoot and residue for green manure and forage using at 25 cm of cutting height. Also this treatment could be possible to rice cultivation by no fertilization. Therefore, we suggested that 25 cm cutting of hairy vetch and barley mixture could be used for green manure and forage at the same time under rice-based cropping system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2020

The provision of information on the profitability and efficiency during the transition from growing rice to substitute crops is an essential task for the proliferation and settlement of the production adjustment system. First, the profitability of the soybean + barley cropping system was analyzed. The average income of the farms with the soybean + barley cropping system surveyed was 868,000 Won, with an income proportion of 55.1%. With earned income that is approximately 1.7 times higher than that of growing only rice, it is determined to be more profitable. Then, the efficiency of the farms was analyzed through DEA analysis. The efficiencies of the farms were found to include the CCR model (0.927815) and the BCC model (0.97544). It was also found that there are 10 CCR and 14 BCC results with an efficiency value of 1. With an efficiency value of more than 0.9 on average, it can be deemed as efficient management in general. In addition, by presenting a proposal for the improvement of inefficient farms, the target value was provided in order for inefficient farms to become efficient farms.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.216-222
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• 2020

A comparative analysis of farm incomes was performed from the new composition system of crops, such as feed crops, including soybeans, Italian ryegrass, soybean-potatoes, and soybean-barley planted in rice fields. Through this analysis, the suggested implications were derived, and the technological solutions were determined. The profitability of the composition of soybean-Italian ryegrass showed that the soybeans yield was 325kg/10a, and the sale price was ￦3,962/kg, leading to a gross revenue of ￦1,288,000/10a. The yield of Italian ryegrass was 1,584kg/10a with a sale price of ￦125/kg, showing a gross revenue of ￦198,000/10a. The net income of soybeans was ￦284,000/10a, which means a net income rate of 22.1%, whereas the net income of Italian ryegrass was -￦30,000/10a. The composition of soybeans-potatoes and soybeans-barley showed a gross revenue of ￦930,000/10a and ￦375,000/10a, respectively. The crop composition types have been developed for the Income Type, Production Type of Forage, Improvement Type of Food Self-Sufficiency, and Corresponding Type to Climate Change. On the other hand, regional types have not been developed sufficiently. In addition, various selections of alternative crops and the establishment of crop composition congruent to the specific regions should be developed systematically in terms of the production technology. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the technological establishment of the crop composition through continuous related studies with the mid-to-long term objectives of land utilization and grain self-sufficiency rates.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.413-416
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• 2008

The cultivation of green manure crop is considered as a good management practice by increasing soil organic matter and fertility levels. This experiment was conducted to improve the soil environment under rice-based cropping system at paddy soil (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic, family of Aeric Fluventic Haplaquepts) in National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Korea in 2006 to 2007. The variation of soil temperature in green manure plots was lower than without green manure (control) during spring season (April to May). The temperature variation of no tillage plot (broadcast before rice harvest) was the lowest among treatments. After green manure cropping, the soil bulk density and porosity ratio were improved at the top soil. The production of green manure was the highest athairy vetch and barley mixture plot by partial tillage. However, mixture treatment had no improvement on soil organic matter. After rice cropping with green manure application, soil quality was improved such as soil physical properties except mixture treatment. Therefore, we suggest that soil quality should be improved by green manure cultivation under rice-based cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.297-311
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted during the process in order to select carbon basic units for agricultural production system compliant in domestic situation instead of relying on overseas data and apply life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.0088kg-$CO_2$ for charcoal, 0.1319kg-$CO_2$ for grass liquid, and 0.2804kg-$CO_2$ for microbial agent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.102-144
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• 1999

The major problems of food crop cultivation in Korea are low yield of most crops except rice. inefficient cultivation techniques for aged farmers. and low international competibility. Therefore, development of cultivation techniques of food crops should aim the yield. quality improvement, labor reduction and production cost. The primary issue for increasing the yield of soybean, barely and wheat is to reduce the yield gap between the farmer's yield and recommended ones of experiment station. More advanced cultivation techniques needs to be developed. and/or the conventional breeding methods to be reconsidered. The newly developed labor-saving mechanized technique needs to reduce labor hours , and the cost of agricultural implements and machineries. In other words the labor-saving mechanized technique should be developed based on the improvement of total farming system as well as systemic fundamental innovation of cultural methods. The efficiency of solar energy use in food production of Korea in 1997 is as low as $0.52{\%}$ so there is much room to increase yield. It is recommendable that the concept of food Production should be changed to energy Producing efficiency Per unit area basis from volume and weight of food materials. Moreover, introduction of resonable cropping system is needed to increase yield of main crops, farmer's income, solar energy use efficiency, and decrease of land service expenditure. Current cropping system emphasized on economic crops. especially in vegetables , is not desirable for resonable use of arable land. stability of agricultural management and staple food crop self-sufficiency ratio. It is desirable to increase food crops . that are energy of carbohydrate and protein rich and land dependent crops. in cropping system. And the agronomist should develop the cultural methods to replace food crops for food self-sufficiency and stable farming management instead of economic crops in current cropping system. Low-input and environmentally-sound crop cultivation techniques, especially nitrogen-reducing culture technique which is directly related to food crop quality, also needs to be developed urgently. The extended cultivation of corn in upland and barely and wheat in lowland as a feed stuffs is recommended to prevent further decrease of food self-sufficiency ratio, which is mainly caused by the high reliance on imported feed grain. It is also considered that the calculation and presentation methods of standard agricultural income needs to be improved. The current calculation method uses unit land area of 10a regardless of crop kinds , characteristics of agricultural management and cultivation scale. So, it is apt to lead misunderstanding of farm income value. Therefore. it should show an income of average farmers for certain number of years. Research and developing system for food producing is not desirable because they are conducted currently individual crop and mono-culture basis. But actual agricultural income is usually earned by cropping system including upland and lowland. For example. the barley and wheat is usually cultivated in double cropping system. The cooperation among research institutes such as university agribusiness. government and farmers is indispensible. The public information and education on importance and consumption habit of food crops is necessary in Korean society to increase food self-sufficiency through nationwide cooperation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.20
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• pp.115-121
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• 1975

To achieve self-sufficiency in good production, cotton should be grown after barley in the southern part of Korea. But, this cropping system reduces cotton yields and fiber qualities in the current leading cotton varieties because of the short frost-free growth period. Ethrel-treated plots shortened the time to open boll by about 20days, increased the percentage of open bolls before the first frost from 38% to 93% and increased yield by 15-38%. There are not significant differences in staple length, tensile strength of the fiber, single bollweight, 100 seeds weight and germination percentage of the seeds between Ethrel-treated and untreated plots. Ethrel should be recommended to the farmers growing cotton after barley harvest.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 1983

This study was conducted to obtain fundamental informations on the improvement of cropping system to increase in land utilization rate and crop production. In order to group the characteristics of areas, Chungnam province was classified into 4 classes: Suburb (Daedeog Gun, Cheonwon Gun), Plain (Nonsan Gun, Dangjin Gun) Coastal (Seosan Gun, Boryeong Gun) and Hilly region (Gongju Gun, Cheongyang Gun). 100 farm households were sampled from each region, and cropping system and utilization state of paddy and upland in 1982 were surveyed. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Average utilization rate of upland was 161.9 % The utilization rate of upland at plain was highest (188.9 %), and that at suburb showed lowest value (152.0%). 2. Number of crops cultivated at upland was 32 kinds. Among the rate of planting area of each crop. soybean showed highest rate of 18.8%, barley 15.4%, red-pepper 13.1% and chinese' cabbage 10.1% respectively, but the red pepper showed highest rate of planting area at suburb, the barley at hilly region and the soybean at plain and coastal region. 3. Average utilization rate of paddy was 115.6% and the utilization rate of paddy at suburb showed the highest value (140.0%) and that at coastal region the lowest value (108.2%). 4. 12 kinds of crops were cultivated at paddy before or after rice cultivation. Among the crops cultivated at paddy before or after rice cultivation, barley showed the highest area rate (5.0%) of cultivation and strawberry the next but the strawberry showed the highest area rate of cultivation at suburb and barley at other regions. 5. The cropping systems at upland were divided into single cropping and double cropping. Types of double cropping at upland were classified into 38 types by the combinations of crops. Among the types of double cropping, the rate of cultivation area of soybean after barley combination was 35.0%, but at suburb the rate of this type of cropping system was low and the double cropping of vegetable combinations showed high rate. 6. Types of double cropping at paddy were classified into 6 types. As a whole, double cropping of barley after rice combination showed highest rate of cultivation area (42.8%) among crop combinations but at suburb, the area rate of this type cropping was low and cultivation of fruit vegetable after rice showed highest rate. The area rate of post - cropping to rice was 76.3% of whole double cropping area at paddy and significantly higher than the rate of precropping to rice. 7. Some kinds of crop combinations were consisted of same family or closely related crops and the characteristics of the crop rotation between those crops are almost same. The area cultivated those unreasonable crop combinations were 19.09 ha. 8. At upland, planting area of the cereal crops, vegetale crops and industrial crops crops and industrial crops was 88.92ha, 93.70ha and 21.80ha respectively. The Planting area of cereal crops was significantly less than that of vegetable crops. 9. Most of all the research reports on the cropping system from 1910 to 1980 were about the post cropping after rice harvest. The objectives of researches could be classified into 14 kinds and the important objectives of researches were the planting time, the amounting of manuring, the quantity of seeding, the transplanting time, the ridging method, the sowing method and the variety test.