• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.183-196
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• 2022

Bank stability serves as a prerequisite for the smooth functioning of economic and financial activities in the country. Banks face numerous risks, and liquidity plays an essential role in determining a bank's long-term growth and financial stability. By using the sample of 70 banks of the Gulf Cooperation Council, this study examines the association between funding the liquidity and the creation of liquidity and their impact on bank stability. Firstly, the reciprocal relationship reveals between funding the liquidity and the creation of liquidity by employing the 2SLS regression model. Further, by employing the dynamic GMM model, the research finds that funding liquidity is significant and positively influences bank stability. However, bank stability is significantly negatively influenced by the creation of liquidity, but the combined effect of funding the liquidity and creation of liquidity positively explains the bank stability. Additionally, this study reveals that managerial optimism biases contribute to determining the bank's liquidity and long-term stability. The finding of this study supports the executives, policymakers, and management of banks in understating liquidity risks, efficiency, and bank stability. The findings support regulatory guidelines mainly by the Basel III framework, which places more importance on the joint management of funding the liquidity and creation of liquidity in the economy.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.323-324
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• 2012

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-88
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• 2012

Even though there are some discrepancies in detail with the legal characteristic of the issuing bank's notice to the beneficiary of opening of the letter of credit, article 25 of "the Korean Private International Act(hereunder, 'KPIA')" can be applied to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank. According to article 26 of the KPIA, if there is no agreement between the issuing bank and its opponent party as to the governing law issues, a state's law which has the closest relationship with the subject case may be applied. In the latter case, given the facts that the issuing bank plays important roles in every phasis of the sale of goods by the letter of credit, a law of place where the issuing bank's business premises is situated(the $lex$ $situs$) can be the applicable law. Meanwhile, "the Korean Supreme Court(hereunder 'KSC')" held that the beneficiary or the negotiating bank can claim any damages arising due to the refusal or deferred payment of the issuing bank, and the law which governs the above mentioned situation is the same law that is applicable to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank. The main reason of the KSC's ruling is that the nature of the legitimate interest rate which is stated in article 3 of "the Act on Special Cases concerning Expedition etc. of Legal Proceeding(hereunder 'ASCELP')" is substantial matters, not procedural. Taking into account, however, that the main object of ASCELP lies in expedition of legal proceeding, prompt realization of people's rights and duties, and prevention of delayed legal proceeding, it is recommendable that ASCELP, instead of the law applicable to the legal relation between the issuing bank and the beneficiary or the negotiating bank, should be applied to the cases in which the malicious debtor's only and main purpose is delaying the legal proceedings. On the other hand, even if the issuing bank's duty of examination of the documents which were tendered by the beneficiary or the negotiating bank is restricted to the formality and strict conformity of the documents and not the substantiality of the documents, the issuing bank still has to examine the documents with due diligence that is required to the banks whose main business is sales of documents, not the real goods. In this regard, under the circumstances where the document lacked the regularity and/or the formality on its face because of the forgery of the document and where it was expected that an ordinary banker might have easily found any faults with the document, the issuing bank must compensate any parties for damages when it pays money without due diligence as a banker who engaged in the sales of documents.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.82-89
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• 2012

This study is on the thermal flow analysis to select an optimal shape of solar lamp bank. Solar Lamp bank is designed by the lamp bank design program based on point light source theory. The reliability of the program for lamp bank design is verified through irradiance variation experiments of a kind of lamp according to horizontal distance. Solar lamp bank facilitates heat distribution and satisfies the irradiance in the three wave length which test guidelines require. Among the 4 kinds of lamp bank, since lamp bank type D satisfies uniformity ${\pm}10%$ and also doesn't exceed total irradiance 1,232 $W/m^2$, type D is finally selected.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.691-698
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• 2015

The hydrodynamic interaction forces and moments induced by the vicinity of bank on a passing vessel are known as wall effects. In this paper, the characteristics of interaction acting on a passing vessel in the proximity of a semi-circle bank wall are described and illustrated, and the effects of ship velocity, water depth and the lateral distance between vessel and semi-circle bank wall are discussed. For spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) less than about 0.2 L and depth to ship's draft ratio (h/d) less than around 2.0, the ship-bank interaction effects increase steeply as h/d decreases. However, for spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) more than about 0.3 L, the ship-bank interaction effects increase slowly as h/d decreases, regardless of the water depth. Also, for spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall (SP) less than about 0.2 L, the hydrodynamic interaction effects acting on large vessel increase largely as ship velocity increases. In the meantime, for spacing between ship and semi-circle bank wall ($S_P$) more than 0.3 L, the interaction effects increase slowly as ship velocity increases.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 2002

The condition of initial movement far the river bank protection using rip rap is a limit condition beyond which the lining is progressively destroyed as the separate elements are removed by the flow. In the case of the river bank protection using gabion mattress, however, after the initial movement the containment offered by the mesh remains. A new situation of equilibrium with a deformed river bank protection using gabion mattress is obtained, allowing it to withstand more severe conditions without compromising the resistance and without further deformation. Shield's coefficient for the river bank protection using gabion mattress is twice the value of that fur river bank protection using rip rap. This means that with the same hydraulic behavior conditions, the average dimension of the rocks to be used in the river bank protection using gabion mattress is half that of river bank protection using rip rap rock. When the same size rocks are used the allowable velocity for the river bank protection using gabion mattress is more than twice, even as much as 3 or 4 times that for river bank protection using rip rap.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The hydrodynamic interaction between ship and bank can't be neglected when a vessel is app- roached toward the tip of a wedge-shaped bank in restricted waterways, such as in a harbor, near some fixed obstacles, or in a narrow channel. In this paper, the characteristic features of the hydrodynamic interaction acting on a slowly moving vessel in the proximity of a wedge-shaped bank are described and illustrated, and the effects of water depth and the spacing between ship and wedge-shaped bank are summarized and discussed based on the slender body theory. From the theoretical results, it indicated that the hydrodynamic interactions decrease as wedge-shaped bank of angle ${\beta}$ in-creases. For water depth to draft ratio less than about 2.0, the hydrodynamic interactions between ship and bank in-crease sharply as h/d decreases, regardless of the wedge-shaped bank of angle ${\beta}$. Also, for lateral separation more than about 0.2L between ship and wedge-shaped bank, it can be concluded that the bank effects decrease largely as the separation increases.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.76
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• pp.77-101
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• 2017

This article provides the definitions of the negotiation of credit, the negotiating bank and the negotiation credit. It further describes a number of legal status of negotiating banks by looking into the legal relations firstly between the beneficiary and the negotiating bank and secondly between the issuing bank and the negotiating bank. This study is in large part based on relevant provisions of UCP 600 and decisions of the Supreme court of South Korea. Under UCP 600 the definition of negotiation requires the purchase by the nominated negotiating bank of the required documents by advancing funds on or before the banking day on which reimbursement is due to the negotiating bank. A negotiation credit authorizes the negotiating bank who is a nominated bank to purchase from the beneficiary the documents required by the letter of credit and to present those documents to the issuing bank for reimbursement. If the credit is to be honoured at sight, reimbursement is due when the issuing bank determines that there has been a conforming presentation. Reimbursement under a letter of credit available by acceptance or by deferred payment is due at maturity of the credit. In particular, while the timing of advance by the nominated negotiating bank is up to the parties, a promise of the negotiating bank to advance the purchase price to a fraudulent beneficiary does not confer immunity from letter-of-credit fraud prior to its performance. This requires the negotiating bank who is notified of material fraud prior to making an advance to beneficiary to avoid a loss by using the fraud.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-139
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• 2012

In the case of Banque Paribas V. Banco Santander in England for the reimbursement request of deferred payment credit by the nominated bank, the L/C-issuing bank refused to pay the proceeds at maturity because of a fraudulent transaction. The reason of refusal was that the nominated bank, Banco Santander, had no right of payment in deferred credit before its maturity if it made payment of proceeds without notice to the issuing bank, that is, payment not based upon a credit transaction but on its own account. However, in the case of ADIB V. Fortis Bank in America, the New York court made the decision that the deferred payment bank could not refuse to reimburse to the nominated bank, Fortis Bank, because of fraud. Its decision was based on the UCP600. We have analyzed and investigated the above two cases-one was an English court's decision and the other an American's. The English court's decision was made under UCP500, but the American court's was made under UCP600, which was revised in 2007. As a result, we can expect that from now on in deferred payment credit transactions, the power of the nominated bank will be greater than before, but the issuing bank will bear the risk of the beneficiary's fraud, so the issuing bank will be hesitant to issue deferred payment credit. Notwithstanding, we thought that the New York court decision would come into effect in the activation of deferred payment credit in practical trade transactions.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.1 s.45
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• pp.205-217
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to measure and analyze the efficiency of management in general bank. Each bank was analyzed to find out the efficiency and classified as efficient and inefficient bank. To the inefficient bank, the inefficient part and the extent are round out, the improvement methods of efficiency are suggested, and the effects of scale of bank on management efficiency by BCC model are analyzed. And, the differences between commercial bank and local bank also are examined. Empirical main results are as follows: Frist, After 2000, both of commercial and local bank shows the continuous improvement of the management efficiency. Second, the relative efficiency of management of commercial bank is higher than local bank except 2004. Third, there are differences in variables except equity ratio and no differences appeared in the management efficiency between commercial bank and local bank. Fourth, there are no influences or negative influences by M&A and reconstruction among banks in the effect of scale to the management efficiency.