• 설비공학논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.158-168
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• 2015

To create an ultra-high vacuum state at the KSTAR, the temperature of plasma facing component and vacuum vessel should be maintained at $300^{\circ}C$ and $110^{\circ}C$ respectively at a baking phase. The purpose of this research is obtaining the target baking temperatures. Experiments were performed to investigate the temperature characteristics of PFC and VV at the baking phase. Thermal network analysis was used to find heat transfer rates among PFC, VV and other components, and this analysis was verified by using the experimental data. The required heating energy of the PFC and the heating and cooling energy of the VV for the target baking temperatures were found to be 346 kW, 28 kW, and 136 kW, respectively.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.661-667
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• 2004

The control of tilt angle for nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with negative and positive dielectric anisotropy on the rubbed homeotropic polyimide (PI) using baking method by hot plate equipment was investigated. LC tilt angle decreased with increasing baking temperature and time. Especially, the low LC tilt angle of positive type NLC (Δ$\varepsilon$＞0) on the rubbed homeotropic PI surface by increasing temperature and time was measured. The tilt angle of positive type NLC(Δ$\varepsilon$＞0) is smaller than that of the negative type (Δ$\varepsilon$＞0) on rubbed PI with increasing baking temperature and time. We consider that the tilt angle of NLC is decreased due to increasing the steric interaction between horizon component of permittivity $\varepsilon$ = of NLC and the stress of polymer side chain by high temperature. As the increase of baking temperature, we obtain that AFM (atomic force microscope) image of rubbed PI surface using Hot-plate method has formed better solid micro-groove structure than oven method.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

With the development of pre-painted steel sheets for automotive body application, a new joining method is required such as hybrid joining with combination of adhesive bonding and mechanical joining. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of pre- and post-baking of adhesive bonding on failure mode and strength of hybrid joining of automotive steel sheets. Experiments show that the hybrid joining exhibits better bonding strength and displacement than conventional adhesive joining and mechanical fastening each. Comparison of pre- and post-baked hybrid joining results suggested that baking at $160^{\circ}C$ after mechanical joining was found to have higher joining properties than pre-baking condition. The prebaking condition changed its fracture mode from interfacial to button fracture. The changes in fracture mode with post-baking of hybrid joining was attributed to variation in neck thickness and undercut of joint.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.681-686
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• 2012

모닝빵 반죽을 2차 발효 후에 microwave, 가압가열 및 microwave/가압가열 병행 처리를 하여 오븐에 굽기 전후 모닝빵의 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 모닝빵의 pH는 가압가열 처리한 빵이 무처리구에 비해 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 수분함량은 microwave 처리한 반죽을 오븐에 구운 빵(25~28%)이 무처리구(33%)와 비교 시 가장 많이 감소하였다. 빵의 색도 측정 결과, 겉의 명도, 적색도 및 황색도는 오븐에 굽지 않은 microwave 1분 처리구를 제외하고는 무처리구와 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 빵 내부는 가압가열 처리한 빵에서 명도는 감소하였으며, 적색도 및 황색도는 증가하였다. 물성 측정 결과, 가압가열 처리한 빵에서 경도, 검성, 씸힘성 및 전단력이 무처리구에 비해 크게 증가하였다. 관능평가에서는 microwave 1분 처리 후 오븐에 구운 빵이 색, 향, 맛, 전체적인 기호도에서 무처리구와 유사한 평가를 받았으나, 가압가열/microwave 병행 처리 후 구운 빵이 색, 향, 형태, 질감 및 전체적인 기호도에서 가장 낮은 점수를 받았다. 이상으로 모닝빵 반죽에 물리적 처리 시 빵의 품질 및 관능적 특성을 좋지 않게 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였으며, 특히 이전 연구에서 빵의 알레르겐성을 가장 감소시 가압가열/microwave 병행 처리 후 오븐에 구운 빵이 품질 및 기호도 평가에서 가장 좋지 않은 결과를 보여 가압 가열 및 microwave 처리 후에도 빵의 품질을 유지할 수 있도록 연구가 더 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2007

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of the baking process of cookies made with onion powders (onion cookie). Experiments were carried out according to a central composite design, selecting onion powder content $(1.15{\sim}8.86%)$ and baking temperature $(155.9{\sim}184.1^{\circ}C)$ as independent variables and pH, titratable acidity, moisture content, density, spread factor, CIE color parameters $(L^{\ast}-$, $a^{\ast}-$, and $b^{\ast}-values)$, and hardness as response variables. pH decreased with increasing amount of onion powder and baking temperature. Moisture content also decreased as the baking temperature increased. $L^{\ast}-$ and $b^{\ast}-values$ decreased but $a^{\ast}-values$ increased with increasing onion content and baking temperature. Most polynomial models developed by RSM were highly effective to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. Overall optimization, conducted by overlaying the contour plots under investigation, was able to point out the optimal range of the independent variables within which the six responses were simultaneously optimized. The point chosen as representative of this optimal region corresponded to 4.01% onion powder content and $161.84^{\circ}C$ baking temperature. The predicted dependent or response values in the optimal region were: pH＝6.87, moisture content＝2.77%, $L^{\ast}-value＝68.45$, $a^{\ast}-value＝1.98$, $b^{\ast}-value＝34.64$, and spread factor＝9.41.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.490-495
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• 2005

튀김으로 조리하는 대표적인 식품인 돈까스를 통해 지방섭취를 줄이고 칼로리를 낮출 수 있는 조리방법을 제안하기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 돈까스를 기름에 튀기는 Frying보다 Oven baking으로 조리한 돈까스의 일반성분 분석에서 기름에 튀긴 돈까스보다 오븐에 구운 돈까스의 지방함량이 낮게 나타났고(p<0.05) 물성과 색도에서도 Frying과 Oven baking은 대부분의 항목에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 특히 칼로리 분석에서 Oven baking 조리한 돈까스는 Frying으로 조리한 돈까스보다 약 $10\%$가량의 칼로리가 낮은 (p<0.05) 경향을 보여 일반성분 분석, 관능테스트 결과와 일치하였으며 식이요법을 요하는 사람들에게 권장 할 수 있는 조리방법이라 사료된다. 하지만 관능테스트에서 전통적인 튀김방식의 돈까스가 다즙성과 전체적인 맛에서는 오븐에 구운 돈까스보다 다소 우수한 결과를 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.890-894
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• 1988

DNS, HRW 및 ASW를 시험제분한 밀가루와 산화 처리한 HRW, ASW 밀가루의 amylogram farinogram 등으로 제방적성을 시험하고 이들 밀가루로 만든 빵의 품질을 평가하였다. 단백질 함량이 HRW가 ASW보다 3%정도 많았지만 baked gluten의 specific volume은 거의 비슷하였다. HRW와 ASW에 $KBrO_3$ 50ppm, DHA 100ppm을 첨가한 결과 farinogram상의 stability가 증가되고 departure time, time to breakdown이 연장되었다. HRW로 만든 빵의 specific volume이 다른 것보다 작았지만 산화제로 처리한 결과 현저한 개선을 보였다. 한편 ASW경우 산화제 처리 후의 차이점이 크지 않았다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.802-810
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• 2014

This study investigated the quality characteristics of muffins prepared with tagatose. The effect of tagatose were evaluated in terms of height, volume, weight, specific volume, baking loss rate, moisture contents, colorimeter, sensory evaluation, and texture of muffins during storage (1, 3, 5 days) and texture was measured using a texture analyzer. As the ratio of tagatose increased, the volume, specific volume, baking loss rate, and height decreased, whereas moisture content increased. During storage, control without tagatose showed the highest springiness lowest hardness by TPA, whereas hardness of muffins increased and springiness decreased as the contents of tagatose increased. Lightness of crust and crumb decreased significantly as contents of tagatose increased. According to the sensory evaluation, the control group showed the highest score in terms of texture but was not significant with 2% tagatose (T2). For appearance, color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptance, T2 showed the best result.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.16
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• pp.67-70
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• 2003

The control of tilt angle for nematic liquid crystal (NLC) with negative and positive dielectric anisotropy on the rubbed homeotropic polyimide (PI) using baking method by hot plate equipment was investigated. LC tilt angle decreased with increasing baking temperature and time. Especially, the low LC tilt angle of positive type NLC ($\Delta\varepsilon$ >0) on the rubbed homeotropic PI surface by increasing temperature and time was measured. The tilt angle of positive type NLC ($\Delta\varepsilon$ >0) is smaller than that of the negative type ($\Delta\varepsilon$ >0) on rubbed PI with increasing baking temperature and time. We consider that the tilt angle of NLC is decreased due to increasing the steric interaction between horizon component of permittivity $\varepsilon$ = of NLC and the stress of polymer side chain by high temperature.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.372-374
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• 1986

Changes in moisture content and degrees of gelatinization during cooking of sweet potatoes by different cooking methods were studied. The samples were cooked by boiling, steaming, gas oven or microwave oven baking. Changes in the moisture content of sweet potato during cooking were +30.0% by boiling, +4.4% by steaming, -5.8% by gas oven baking, and -46.6% by microwave oven baking. The degrees of gelatinization of sweet potatoes were 83.8%, 75.7%, 73.0% and 67.7%, respectively.