• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.400-410
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• 2017

Bactria was the intersection of transportation between Greece-Iran and Central Asia at the Silk Road. This kingdom was Greek in all of its ruling classes. Because the Greek culture of Bactria spread to India and the east, Bactria was a very important place in ancient civilizations. The purpose of this study is to understand the life and the various cultures of Bactria and the influence of Greek culture on the costumes of Bactria. The research method was approached through the analysis of the empirical data. Data on antiquities were analyzed in European exhibition catalogs and secondary data collected from Internet. The results of this study are as follows: First, the original costume of Bactria was identified in two styles in the reliefs of the Persian Achaemenid. One is the tunic jacket sarapis that goes down to the knee and wide trousers with half-length boots. The other is the Scythian style trousers that looks like a barrel in a Sarapis. Second, in the Bactrian coin depicting the bust of the Bactrians, the hair styles and headgear of the Bactrian kings were analyzed. The Bactrians wore braids with short curly hair and wore Macedonian hats and helmets on them. Third, the relics excavated from the ruins of Ai-Khanuom depicted the forms of the ruling classes of Bactria. The dress styles and hair styles of gods and priests were imitating the form of the Greek costume as it is.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.130-140
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• 2003

김치로부터 유산균과 효모를 분리하여 분리균주의 혼합 배양액을 이용하여 제빵 공정의 최적화에 관하여 연구하였다. 김치로부터 젖산박테리아(lactic acid bactria)를 분리하여 제빵 환경에서 생육 조건이 좋은 것으로 나타난 저온 숙성 김치의 젖산균은 Leuconostoc mesenteroides와 Lactobacillus brevis의 2종이 선별되었고, yeast는 Saccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2종이 선별되었다. 분리된 4종의 균주를 적절하게 혼합배양시 co-work system을 형성하여 발효촉진의 효과를 보여주었다.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2019

Nana was an important patron deity in the Kušan Empire and the most important deity worshipped by Emperor Kaniška (c. 127-150 CE). She was the head of the royal dynastic pantheon at this time. The cult of Nana may already have existed in Central Asia prior to the arrival of Indo-Iranians in the region, since she appears on a BMAC seal dating to the early second millennium BCE. Similarly, her cult in Bactria may pre-date her appearance in the Kušan pantheon by over two millennia. The spread of Nana's cult over such vast distances vividly illustrates the cultural connections (presumably stemming mostly from trade) that existed from prehistoric times linking the Mediterranean world to that of Central Asia and beyond, with the Iranian plateau at its center. The prevalence of Sogdian coins bearing Nana's name suggests that she was also the principal deity of Sogdiana. In Bactria, the goddess Ardoxšo (Avestan Aši vaŋ^vhī) was also worshipped by Kušāns and appeared on their coins. Nana, who was associated with war, fertility, wisdom, and water, was also equated with the Iranian goddesses Anāhitā, Aši, and Ārmaiti. The cult of Nana-Ārmaiti was widespread throughout eastern Iran.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-152
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• 2022

Both in popular perception and specialized literature, the Achaemenid Empire, for over two centuries the most important player from the Aegean to the Indus, is rarely evoked in correlation with the complex of socio-cultural dynamics which shaped the spaces of what has become known as the Silk Road(s). Building on the case study of the Pazyryk carpet on the one hand (King 2021, 353-361, Linduff and Rubinson 2021, 88-97), and of the spread of an artistic motive such as the quatrefoil on the other (Kim 2021), this paper explores the rich and complex nature of the commercial networks that flourished across Central Asia under the aegis of Achaemenid Great Kings. Both archaeological and literary evidence shall be discussed (especially the Aramaic Documents from Ancient Bactria: Naveh and Shaked 2012, and now King 2021, 315-320). If taken together and read against the grain, such material is significant for the following reasons. First, it suggests the existence - and the scale - of commercial activities directly fostered or indirectly promoted by the imperial administration in Central Asia, an area of crucial importance within the Achaemenid domains, but for which our evidence is rather scanty and difficult to assess. Second, it shows how the Achaemenid "Imperial Paradigm" (Henkelman 2017) affected the social and economic landscape of Central Asia even after the demise of the Empire itself, thus considerably shaping the world of the Silk Road(s) a century before the Ancient Sogdian Letters (de la Vaissière 2005, 43-70) or Zhāng Quiān's famous report.

• 약학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.211-213
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• 1977

Since ampicillin, one of the important semi-synthetic derivatives of penicillins, is restricted in use because of its unfavorable physico-chemical and pharmacological properties, the author synthesized a new derivative, methampicillin lysinate and its physical and characteristics were determined. The antibacterial activity of this compound against ten species of Gram positive and negative bacteria in vitro showed that it was more active to Gram negative bactria than the positive and that was three times more potent than ampicillin trihydrate.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2018

Kushan dynasty was located in the middle of Silkroad, from the 1st century BC to the second century AD, where it negotiated with various races. Therefore, the culture of the Kushan has multi cultural elements. The purpose of this study is to understand the life of the ancient Silkroad by accessing this characteristic culture of the Kushan through costume analysis. And the results of this study will be used as a basic data for studying the relationship between Korean ancient costumes and Silkroad costume type. As a research method, literature survey and artifacts analysis were performed in parallel. The results of this study are as follows: The basic type of the Kushan costume was a typical nomadic ethnic type with a long tunic and trousers. Tunic was fastened with a belt and straps at the waist, and the lower part of the belt was wider like a skirt. The tunic was divided into two types: open front and closed front. Because Kushan was originally a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the nomadic elements of Central Asia remained unchanged in the early costumes of the Kushan, but over time the details of the costumes changed according to the surrounding political situation. When Kushan negotiated with Parthia, the parthian coat was worn by the influence of them. After occupying Greco Bactria, accepting the Greek culture of Bactria, Kushan's costume was supplemented by the external costume element of drapery, which changed the style of the nomadic costume into a elegant style.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.232-238
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• 1998

To developed natural food preservatives, ethanol and water extracts were prepared from the defatted camellia(Camellia japonica L.) seeds. Antimicrobial activities were examined against 14 microorganisms which were food borne pathogens and/or food poisoning microorganisms and food-related bacteria and yeasts. Ethanol extract showed antimicrobial activities against several microorganisms tested, but not on lactic acid bactria. Especially, minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) for yeasts were as low as 1mg/ml. Water extract exhibited antimicrobial activities for the yeasts tested, but almost bacteria were not observed. The ethanol extract was fractionated in the order of hexane, chloroform, ethylaetate and butanol fractions to test antimicrobial activity. The strongest activity for the tested yeasts were found in the butanol fractions, but bacteria were chloroform fraction. Hansenula anomala treated with ethanol were observed by scanning electron micrograph, and the results exhibited morphological changes, including the irregularly contracted cell surface and expanded ellipsoidal shape.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1972

This experiment was carried out to investigate the physiological characteristics of isolated bacteria, Ferrobacillus ferooxidans from copper mine water in Korea. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The optimum pH range for the growth of these bacteria was 2.0-3.0 and optimum temperature was $20^{\circ}C$-$30^{\circ}C$. 2. The oxidation curves of ferrous iron to the ferric iron ran parallel with the growth curves. 3. The optimum nitrogen concentration was 400-800 ppm and the minimal flow rate of air for the maximal growth of the bactria was 70 ml air/min./200ml medium. 4. The growth of these bacteria was inhibited by the absence of ferrous iron and by the addition of sulfur. 5. Ferrous iron at a concentration of 9000 ppm, appeared to be optimum for the most rapid growth of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.54-73
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• 2012

최근 북방유목민족인 사르마티아에 관한 고고학적 자료들이 증가하면서 사르마티아인들의 활동 양상과 그 실체들이 조금씩 규명되고 있다. 이 글에서는 사르마티아인들의 동서 교역의 활동 양상을 사르마티아식 검집의 확산 지역 중심으로 살펴보았다. 사르마티아인들의 검은 스키타이나 페르시아인들이 사용한 아키나케스(Akinakes)의 계보를 잇는 것이지만 손잡이나 패용 방식에서 손쉽게 칼을 뺄 수 있도록 변화되었다. 즉 양 측면에 달린 4개 돌기에 끈으로 연결한 검집을 허벅지에 부착시키는 패용 구조로 변한 것이다. 사르마티아식 검은 기원전 5세기 파지리크시기 알타이 지역에서 처음 등장한 이래 사르마티아인들의 활동 중심지인 남시베리아, 박트리아, 파르티아, 로마로 확산되었다. 이 글에서는 동서 교섭의 요충지인 박트리아지역에 속하는 아프가니스탄 틸랴 테페 4호묘에서 출토된 검집에 관심을 두었다. 사르마티아식 검을 패용한 채 매장되었던 틸랴 테페 4호묘의 묘주는 당시 쿠샨왕조의 지배하에 있었던 박트리아에서 상당한 위치의 인물로 파악된다. 묘주가 2자루의 사르마티아식 검을 패용하고 있었던 것은 박트리아에 사르마티아의 영향이 상당이 수용된 사실을 의미한다. 사르마티아인들이 동서교섭에서 중요한 역할을 담당할 수 있었던 배경에는 중국산 물자를 실크로드에 공급하였던 이들의 역할과도 관련이 있다. 이에 사르마티아인들이 활동한 북방 초원 루트에 중국 한대 동경, 메론형 구슬, 수정구슬 등의 장식구슬, 금환연접구슬 등 중국 특히 비단이 생산되었던 남중국의 공예품들이 출토되는 경위에 관심을 가졌다. 모자이크 구슬은 당시 남중국 그리고 사르마티아와의 관계에 의한 것으로 살펴보았다. 거리적으로 먼 사르마티아와 남중국이 교섭할 수 있었던 중간 매체로는 흉노가 주목된다. 이와 관련하여 흉노의 유적에서 남중국에 가장 많은 분포를 보이는 금환연접구슬이 발견되는 점을 참고하였다. 남인도와 동남아시아에서 유행한 금환연접구슬이나 모자이크구슬이 아프카니스탄의 틸랴 테페 유적에는 없는 반면 같은 초원길로 연결되는 사르마티아 유적이나 흉노의 몽골 유적에서 등장하는 점이 흥미로운 것이다. 이는 남중국과 사르마티아, 흉노와의 연결 루트를 상정하게 한다. 한편 사르마티아인들의 중심연대인 기원전 2세기에서 기원후 2세기 사이 초원루트와 남중국을 잇는 교통로로는 운남에서 미안마를 지나 파키스탄, 아프가니스탄을 지나 인도 동부로 들어가는 서남실크로드로 판단된다. 1세기 동서교섭의 루트에는 북방 초원 루트, 남해 루트, 오아시스 루트 등 다양한 루트가 존재한다. 이들 루트들은 운반, 집산되는 물자의 특성이나 당시 정치적 관계에 의해 다양하게 사용되고 형성되었다. 이 글에서는 인도와 중앙아시아, 그리고 남중국을 잇는 최단거리의 길인 서남루트가 북방 유목민들인 사르마티아인들에 의해 사용되고 개척된 상황을 살펴본 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.901-907
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate bacteria removal ability of the metallic silver which was baked silver ion impregnated ceramic filter at heating condition. Silver leaking from baked ceramic filter was tested to sustain bacteria removal for a long time. Silver impregnated ceramic filter could remove E. coli completely at $10^{12}$ MPN/100ml to $10^{13}$ MPN/100ml of influent. However, ceramic filter without silver did not remove E. coli completely under the same condition. After baking, the silver impregnated ceramic filter almost didn't leak out the silver ion from filter. Photo of TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) showed that absorbed silver ions remained in ceramic filter after baking process and most of silver were less than 10 nm. According to the increase in the amount of silver in the ceramic filter, removal efficiencies of E. coli were increased but turbidity removal was decreased. It can be accounted that increased removal efficiency of E. coli was from disinfection of silver that is in the ceramic filter. Simulated concentrations of bacteria agree well with the observed experimental effluent concentration data. Moreover, first-order decay coefficients increased to 0.0034/min after silver was added in the ceramic filter. Increase of first-order decay coefficient proves that silver-added ceramic filter can remove bacteria easily.