• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.12-20
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• 2002

1. 질병명 : Interstitial pneumonia 2. 본질명의 개요 역사 및 역학 Michael R Elwell, Joel F Mahler, G N Rao: “ Have You Seen This\ulcorner" ; Inflammatory Lesions in the Lungs of Rats. Toxicologic Pathology, 25: 529-531, 1997. Male and female F344 rats, approximately 19 weeks old, from prechronic toxicity studies performed for NTP/NIEHS over a period of several years at different laboraories located throughout the US. The rats were supplied by 2 different production colonies located in the eastern and western areas of the US. Gross findings ㆍ In some rats the lesions were noted as pale or tan foci in the lungs Microscopic findings ㆍ A prominent increase in perivascular lymphocytes ㆍ A variable increase in the amount of peribronchiolar lymphoid tissues ㆍ Frequently an inflammatory cell exudate within the alveolar spaces ㆍ Focal hyperplasia of alveolar type 2 cells Similar lung lesions were not observed in B6C3F1 mice concurrently on study with affected rats. Similar lung lesions were not observed in F344 rats at the end of 2-year NTP studies. Virus, mycoplasma, bacterial serology, bacterial culture, protozoal identification: negative EM: ㆍ No virus particles were identified. ㆍ Rod shaped bacteria were observed in the alveolar spaces. ㆍ Bacteria were not observed in the bronchi/ bronchioles of rats with alveolar organism. (omitted)

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.88-92
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• 2021

Acute osteomyelitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is rare in the oral and maxillofacial region. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacillus and the normal flora of the human body, but it can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and osteomyelitis in patient with compromised immune systems. These infections are mainly caused by nosocomial infection. Microbacterial osteomyelitis was developed by clinical cause such as tooth extraction, fracture, and surgical history, which requires long-term antibiotic administration and surgical treatment. This report describes that a 56-year-old male patient with acute osteomyelitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after implant placement was treated with intravenous administration of ertapenem without open surgery treatment. Through this case, we report that antibiotic susceptibility test is essential for the treatment of acute osteomyelitis caused by a bacterial infection resistant to empirical antibiotics, and early administration of appropriate antibiotics can reduce the possibility of extensive bone destruction or additional open surgery.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.74 no.5
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• pp.207-214
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• 2013

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of death among the elderly. Several studies have reported the clinical usefulness of serum procalcitonin, a biomarker of bacterial infection. However, the association between the levels of procalcitonin and the severity in the elderly with CAP has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate usefulness of procalcitonin as a predictor of severity and mortality in the elderly with CAP. Methods: This study covers 155 CAP cases admitted to Pusan National University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2010. Patients were divided into two groups (${\geq}65$ years, n=99; <65 years, n=56) and were measured for procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell, confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, 65 years or older (CURB-65) and pneumonia severity of index (PSI). Results: The levels of procalcitonin were significantly correlated with the CURB-65, PSI in totals. Especially stronger correlation was observed between the levels of procalcitonin and CURB-65 in the elderly (procalcitonin and CURB-65, ${\rho}$=0.408 with p<0.001; procalcitonin and PSI, ${\rho}$=0.293 with p=0.003; procalcitonin and mortality, ${\rho}$=0.229 with p=0.023). The correlation between the levels of CRP or WBC and CAP severity was low. The existing cut-off value of procalcitonin was correlated with mortality rate, however, it was not correlated with mortality within the elderly. Conclusion: The levels of procalcitonin are more useful than the levels of CRP or WBC to predict the severity of CAP. However, there was no association between the levels of procalcitonin and mortality in the elderly.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.5
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• pp.335-340
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• 2011

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world in all age groups. Viral causes of CAP are less well characterized than bacterial causes. We analyzed the characteristics of hospitalized patients with CAP who had a viral pathogen detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: Multiplex real-time PCR was performed for respiratory viruses in samples collected from 520 adults who developed CAP at Chungnam National University Hospital. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological features at presentation as well as other epidemiological data were analyzed. Results: Of 520 patients with CAP, a viral pathogen was detected in 60 (11.5%), and influenza A was the most common. The virus detection rate in patients with CAP was highest in November. Two or more pathogens were detected in 13 (21.7%) patients. Seven patients had severe disease and were administered in the intensive care unit. Most patients (49/60, 81.7%) had comorbidities. However, nine (15%) patients had no comorbidities, and their age was <60 years. The ground glass opacity pattern was the most common radiological feature. Seven (11.7%) patients died from CAP. Conclusion: Viral pathogens are commonly detected in patients with CAP, and a respiratory virus may be associated with the severity and outcome of pneumonia. Careful attention should be paid to the viral etiology in adult patients with CAP.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2005

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a prevalent and potentially life threatening illness. American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society America recommend combination therapies with ${\beta}-lactam$ plus a macrolide or a fluoroquinolone monotherapy for the empirical treatment of CAP. The aim of this study was to compare moxifloxacin monotherapy with cephalosporin plus azithromycin combination therapies. From January 2004 to March 2005, 18 patients in the moxifloxacin group(MG) and 21 patients in the cefuroxime or ceftriaxone plus azithromycin group(CAG) with CAP were retrospectively reviewed with regard to clinical, laboratory and microbiological data. Each patient was stratified into mild (risk class I-II), moderate (risk class III) and severe (risk class VI, V) group according to and PSI (Pneumonia Severity Index) score. Each group was compared for microbiological eradication, clinical assessment, the length of hospital stay. As results, Total 39 patients with CAP were reviewed. The appropriateness of admission was 83.3% in MC vs. 76.2% in CAC. The mean length of the hospital day was for 8.31 days vs. 7.39 days, days switching parenteral to oral antibiotics in 5.19 days vs. 5.28 days, clinical improvement in 2.43 days vs. 2.61 days in MG vs. CAC. Radiological improvement required 3.75 days vs 3.63 days in MG vs. CAG and bacteriological eradication rate at discharge was the same in the both groups. Mortality rate was 11.1% (2 of 18) vs 14.3% (3 of 21) in MG vs. CAG (p=0.77). Drug cost of the mean 5 hospital days requiring parenteral antibiotics was the most inexpensive in moxifloxacin group for the 147,045 won, and ceftriaxone 1g-azithromycin group for the 170,285 won, cefuroxime bid-azithromycin group for the 207,800 won, ceftriaxone 2g-azithromycin group far the 220,570 won, cefuroxime tid-azithromycin group for the 251,700 won. There was no significant statistical difference in clinical, bacterial, radiological cure and hospital days, and switch to oral days. In conclusion, that i.v. moxifloxacin monotherapy was as effective as azithromycin plus cefuroxime or ceftriaxone combination therapies fur the treatment of CAP. In drug cost analysis, moxifloxacin is less expensive than CAG.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2020

Purpose: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of high dose ampicillin-sulbactam and colistin combination therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in the pediatric intensive care unit of Pusan National University Children's Hospital. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 17 pediatric patients with VAP caused by CRAB from June 2017 to August 2018. Ten (58.8%) patients were treated with high dose ampicillin-sulbactam and colistin combination therapy (combination therapy group), whereas 7 were treated with colistin only or with various combinations with or without colistin (other antibiotics group). Clinical and bacteriological outcomes were compared between the groups. Results: The mean duration of fever after antibiotic use was 1.30±1.70 days in the combination therapy group and 1.71±1.49 days in the other antibiotics group. The mean duration of days for negative conversion of endotracheal aspirate bacterial culture after antibiotic therapy was 3.40±1.71 days in the combination therapy group and 11.80±8.86 days in the other antibiotics group. The mortality rate within 30 days of antibiotic therapy was 1/10 (10%) in the combination therapy group and 3/7 (42.9%) in the other antibiotics group. Conclusions: High dose ampicillin-sulbactam and colistin combination therapy as early antibiotic treatment in VAP caused by CRAB in children could improve clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1200-1209
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• 2021

Sepsis is an acute inflammatory response that leads to life-threatening complications if not quickly and adequately treated. Cytolysin, hemolysin, and pneumolysin are toxins produced by gram-positive bacteria and are responsible for resistance to antimicrobial drugs, cause virulence and lead to sepsis. This work assessed the effects of aloe-emodin (AE) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on sepsis-associated gram-positive bacterial toxins. Standard and antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia bacterial strains were cultured in the dark with varying AE concentrations and later irradiated with 72 J/cm^-2 light. Colony and biofilm formation was determined. CCK-8, Griess reagent reaction, and ELISA assays were done on bacteria-infected RAW264.7 cells to determine the cell viability, NO, and IL-1β and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines responses, respectively. Hemolysis and western blot assays were done to determine the effect of treatment on hemolysis activity and sepsis-associated toxins expressions. AE-mediated PDT reduced bacterial survival in a dose-dependent manner with 32 ㎍/ml of AE almost eliminating their survival. Cell proliferation, NO, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines production were also significantly downregulated. Further, the hemolytic activities and expressions of cytolysin, hemolysin, and pneumolysin were significantly reduced following AE-mediated PDT. In conclusion, combined use of AE and light (435 ± 10 nm) inactivates MRSA, S. aureus (ATCC 29213), S. pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), MDR-S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), and VRE (ATCC 51299) in an AE-dose dependent manner. AE and light are also effective in reducing biofilm formations, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, hemolytic activities, and inhibiting the expressions of toxins that cause sepsis.

• Urogenital Tract Infection
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.66-71
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• 2018

Purpose: To determine the appropriate regimen of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients receiving percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Materials and Methods: Forty patients, who planned to undergo PCNL from October 2015 to August 2017, were assigned randomly into two groups. Patients in the single-dose group (n=20) were administered an intravenous single dose of 2 g ceftriaxone 30 minutes before PCNL, whereas those in the three-days regimen group (n=20) were administered a preoperative intravenous single dose of 2 g ceftriaxone and an additional postoperative oral cefpodoxime proxetil (100 mg twice a day) for three days. The incidences of infectious complications in the two groups, such as pyrexia, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and sepsis, were compared. Results: Fever (axillary temperature >$38.0^{\circ}C$) did not develop in any of the patients in the single-dose group but developed in one patient (5.0%) in the three-day regimen group due to pneumonia (p=0.3). SIRS developed in a total of eight patients (20.0%), four patients from each group. None of the patients in either group developed sepsis after PCNL. Conclusions: The three-day prophylactic antibiotic regimen did not demonstrate better efficacy for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients with PCNL compared to the single-dose prophylactic antibiotic regimen.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.587-593
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• 2021

Infertility is a key issue affecting mood and behavior in men. Microorganisms are one of the primary etiological agents that may be associated with infertility. The objective of the present study was to identify bacterial causative agents from the semen of infertile subjects and determine the effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality, as well as determine the susceptibility of these bacteria to drugs. Forty semen samples from 30 infertile patients and 10 fertile individuals were collected. The pH, volume, motility, and concentration of semen were analyzed. The samples were processed and identified by biochemical testing using API identification kits. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the disc diffusion method. Abnormal sperm quality was observed. The mean age of the individual and their sperm morphology, concentration, progressive motility, pH level, and pus cell content were 31.9 years, 2.7%, 10.4 million/ml, 27.3%, 8.3, and 5.7, respectively. Among the tested samples, oligoasthenozoospermia was found to show the highest occurrence, at 27/30 samples, followed by teratozoospermia, at 25/30 samples, and asthenozoospermia, at 22/30 samples. Of the tested infertile patients' sperm, 19, 6, and 5 isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. The results also revealed multi-drug resistance in the bacteria. Compared to that shown by the other tested antibiotics, amikacin showed higher activity against all isolated bacteria. However, the bacteria exhibited maximum resistance against gentamicin, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, and ampicillin. In conclusion, leukocytospermia and bacterial infections are possibly responsible for sperm abnormalities. Multi-drug resistant bacteria were detected. Gentamicin, cefotaxime, levofloxacin and ampicillin were shown the highest resistance, while amikacin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against the isolated bacteria.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.263-268
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• 1984

Four patients of acute purulent pericarditis were seen at the Jeonbug National University Hospital between January, 1979 and December 1983. All patients were proven to have acute purulent pericarditis by clinical evaluation, bacterial study, and biopsy. Three patients were male and one female. The three patients were in pediatric age. The primary focuses were meningitis, Rt. coxitis, lobar pneumonia, and gastro-enteritis. The causative organisms were staphylococcus aureus in two patients. In the other two patients, organisms were not cultured from the pericardial pus. The reason why the causative organisms were not cultured in pericardial pus was probably due to massive antimicrobial treatment before pus collection. All patients were treated with systemic antibiotic therapy and pericardiostomy with normal saline irrigation. The three patients were treated without specific complication. The one patient developed the chronic constrictive pericarditis. In this patient, pericardiectomy was performed.