• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1189-1197
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• 2017

Lichen-forming fungi are known to have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammation, and anti proliferative effects. However, the immunosuppressive effects of Bryoria sp. extract (BSE) have not previously been investigated. In this study, the inhibitory activity of BSE on the proliferation of $CD8^+$ T cells and the mixed lymphocytes reaction (MLR) was evaluated in vitro. BSE was non-toxic in spleen cells and suppressed the growth of splenocytes induced by anti-CD3. The suppressed cell population in spleen cells consisted of $CD8^+$ T cells and their proliferation was inhibited by the treatment with BSE. This extract significantly suppressed the IL-2 associated with T cell growth and $IFN-{\gamma}$ as the $CD8^+$ T cell marker. Furthermore, BSE reduced the expression of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain ($IL-2R{\alpha}$) on $CD8^+$ T cells and CD86 on dendritic cells by acting as antigen-presenting cells. Finally, the MLR produced by the co-culture of C57BL/6 and MMC-treated BALB/c was suppressed by BSE. IL-2, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and CD69 on $CD8^+$ T cells in MLR condition were inhibited by BSE. These results indicate that BSE inhibits the MLR via the suppression of $IL-2R{\alpha}$ expression in $CD8^+$ T cells. BSE has the potential to be developed as an anti-immunosuppression agent for organ transplants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1627-1632
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• 2012

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Malaysia. Barriers for practicing breast self examination (BSE) await exploration. Objective: To assess the practice of BSE and its correlated factors and particularly barriers amongst urban women in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 222 Malaysian women using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The mean (SD) age was 28.5 (${\pm}9.2$) years, 59.0% were university graduates. Of the total, 81.1% were aware of breast cancer and 55% practiced BSE. Amongst 45% of respondents who did not practice BSE, 79.8% did not know how to do it, 60.6% feared being diagnosed with breast cancer, 59.6% were worried about detecting breast cancer, 22% reported that they should not touch their bodies, 44% and 28% reported BSE is embarrassing or unpleasant, 29% time consuming, 22% thought they would never have breast cancer or it is ineffective and finally 20% perceived BSE as unimportant. Logistic regression modeling showed that respondents aged ${\geq}45$ years, being Malay, married and having a high education level were more likely to practice BSE (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study sample, a significant proportion of respondents was aware of breast cancer but did not practice BSE. Knowledge, psychological, cultural, perception and environmental factors were identified as barriers. BSE practice was associated significantly with socio-demographic factors and socioeconomic status.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.4925-4930
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• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to determine beliefs concerning breast self-examination in first- and second-degree relatives of patients with breast cancer and evaluate their breast self-examination (BSE) application. Materials and Methods: A survey study was conducted in an oncology polyclinic and general surgery clinic of a hospital in Ankara, the capital of Turkey with a sample of 140 women. Results: It was determined that 60.7% of the participants had conducted BSE and 48.1% had undergone a clinical breast examination. Perceived selfefficacy of the women who performed BSE were significantly higher compared with women who did not practice BSE (p<0.001) Furthermore, perceived barriers were lower among those who had performed BSE (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that women who perceived higher self-efficacy (OR: 1.119, 95% CI: 1.056-1.185, p<0.001) and had regular CBE (OR: 8.250, 95% CI: 3.140-21.884, p<0.001) and educational status (OR: 5.287, 95% CI: 1.480-18.880, p<0.01) were more likely to perform BSE. Conclusions: Findings from this study indicated that perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, and educational status could be predictors of BSE behavior among the first- and second-degree relatives of patients with breast cancer. Therefore, BSE training programs that emphasize self-efficacy and address perceived barriers are recommended.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.168-175
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• 2019

Purpose: Barely sprout is a well-known oriental herbal medicine with a wide range of health benefits. Recent studies have provided scientific evidence of its therapeutic effects with expanded application. This study investigated anti-melanogenic effect of barley sprout water extract (BSE) in murine melanocyte B16F10. Methods: Various concentrations (0, 50, 125, and $250{\mu}g/mL$) of BSE and arbutin (150 ppm) were applied to B16F10 stimulated with or without alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (100 nM) for 72 hours. The whitening potency of BSE was determined altered cellular melanin contents. Activity and expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were also assayed. Results: Experimental results revealed that treatment with BSE reduced cellular melanin production by approximately 40% compared to the control. Molecular findings supported that suppressed activity and expression of tyrosinase and MITF proteins by BSE were associated with declined cellular melanogenesis. Furthermore, anti-melanogenic effect of BSE ($250{\mu}g/mL$) was similar to that of arbutin, a commonly used whitening agent. Lastly, polyphenols including p-coumaric, ferulic, and vanillic acids were identified in BSE using HPLC analyses. They might be potential active ingredients showing such melanogenesis-reducing effect. Conclusion: BSE was evident to possess favorable anti-melanogenic potency in an in vitro model. As a natural food sourced material, BSE could be an effective depigmentation agent with potential application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.493-501
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was 1) to classify the stage of adoption 2) to compare the decisional balance and confidence by stage of adoption 3) to identify factors influenced the stage of adoption for breast self exam. Method: A comparative study using a survey method with convenience sample of 143 women was used. Decisional balance and confidence was measured using the CHBMS-K. Stage of adoption for BSE was measured by a single item modified by the researchers based on the Rakowski et al (1992). Result: 1) The number of women in each stage of adoption for BSE was as follows; maintenance phase, 7.7% (n=11), action phase, 49.0% (n=70), contemplation phase, 35.0% (n=50) and pre- contemplation phase, 8.4%(n=12). 2) The mean difference in the decisional balance (F=4.32, p=.006) and confidence (F=13.85, p=.000) according to the stage of BSE adoption was statistically significant. 3) Prevention education and confidence accounted for 32% of variance in BSE. Conclusion: Assessment of decisional balance and stage of adoption for BSE can guide planning for cancer prevention education. We must educate women to have confidence in BSE. Further, it is important to urge women to continually practice BSE.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권20호
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• pp.8637-8640
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) among female university students from 24 low, middle income and emerging economy countries. Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected from 10,810 female undergraduate university students aged 16-30 (mean age 20.7, SD=2.9) from 25 universities in 24 countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas. Overall, 50.4% of the female students indicated that they knew how to conduct BSE. Among all women, 59.3% had never practiced BSE in the past 12 months, 21.3% 1-2 times, 10.3% 3-10 times, and 9.1% monthly. The proportion of monthly BSE was above 20% in Nigeria and Laos and below 2% in Bangladesh, India, Singapore, Russia, and South Africa. Logistic regression found that BSE importance or positive attitude was highly associated with BSE practice. BSE practices were found to be inadequate and efforts should be made to develop programmes that can increase knowledge related to breast cancer as well as the practice of breast self-examination.

• KAPE누리
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• 통권146호
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• pp.6-7
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• 2008

2005년 이전 OIE 위생규약상 BSE 예찰기준은 성우(24개월령 이상) 사육규모별로 BSE 유사 임상증상을 보이는 임상의심축을 일정 두수 검사하도록 권고하였으며, 우리나라는 당시 사육규모 당 99두의 임상의 심축만을 검사하면 동 기준을 충족했다. 그러나 OIE의 BSE 예찰기준은 2004년 EU 전염성해면상 뇌증(TSE) 연합 표준 실험실(Community Reference Laboratory, CRL)인 영국 수의연구청에 의해 개발된 BSurvE model과 동모델에 대한 회원국의 의견에 기초하여 2005년 이전의 두수제에서 점수제로 개정됐다. 우리나라는 점수제를 2007년부터 적용했다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.495-521
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• 2009

본고는 식품위험이 현실화되지 않은 상황에서 건강위해에 대한 심리적 불안과 우려로 인하여 발생할 수 있는 소비감소와 후생손실을 2008년 4월 미국산 쇠고기 수입재개 발표에 따른 BSE 위험을 사례로 분석하였다. 조건부가치측정법이나 실험시장접근법을 사용하여 식품안전에 대한 소비자들의 단위당 지불의사나 가격프리미엄을 도출했던 기존의 연구들과는 달리, 소비자들이 기록한 쇠고기 구입량, BSE 위험에 대한 주관적 심각성, 표본내 개인들이 직면한 가격지수 등을 산정하여 개인별 쇠고기 수요함수를 추정하고 소비자들이 주관적으로 체험하는 정확한 후생효과인 동등변화(EV)와 소비자잉여의 변화를 측정함으로써 소비자들이 식품안전성에 부여하는 가치를 측정하였다. 2008년 10월 말부터 11월 중순까지 쇠고기를 소비하는 360명의 주부들을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 자료를 사용하여 쇠고기 수요함수를 추정한 결과, 수입재개 발표 전 후의 경우 모두 자체 가격, 대체재의 가격, 그리고 소득변수 등의 부호가 경제이론에 부합되었고 통계적으로 유의하였으며 발표 전 후 두 기간 동안에 큰 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 반면에 수업재개 발표 이후 형성된 BSE 위험에 대한 심각성을 나타내는 변수는 발표 이후의 수요함수에서는 통계적으로 유의한 부의 부호를 가진 반면에, 발표 이전의 수요함수에서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그리하여 수입재개 발표 후의 BSE 위험에 대한 우려증가로 인한 품질저하 인식에 따른 소비자들의 후생손실을 측정한 결과 가구당 30,000원 정도로 계산되었다. 또한 이 정도의 후생손실을 가져올 BSE 위험에 대한 우려수준은 수입재개 전에 비하여 35% 이상 증가한 것으로 나타났다.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.225-233
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to determine the need of education about BSE for the medical members, to survey about the performance and the knowledge of BSE in patients who operated on subtotal and total mastectomy and to compare the regularity of BSE with the severity of breast cancer. The subjects were 163 patients with operated on mastectomy who participated were interviewed in the S university Hospital. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation with SPSSWIN program. Results were obtained as follows: 1. There was no statistical difference between in the regular group of the mammography and the regular BSE group(F=0.558, P=0.458). 2. There was statistical difference between the method of detection and the severity of the breast cancer(F=3.359, P=0.011). 3. There was statistical difference between regularity of the BSE and the severity of breast cancer(F=3.301, P=0.019). 4. There was showed higher severity of the breast cancer in the elderly patients(r=0.172, P=0.019). 5. There was showed higher severity of the breast cancer in the lower educational level(r=-0.170, P=0.033). According to this study need to the development of the educational program about the BSE and the future research about the regular BSE of the high risk group in the breast cancer.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on the compliance of breast self-examination (BSE) among 205 Christian women living in Pusan and U1san areas. Structured self-administered questionnaires were used. Knowledge levels were measured by the instrument developed by Choi(l996). Self- efficacy and health belief were measured by the instruments developed by Champion (1993) and modified by Choi(1996). Women who did BSE more than once within 6 months were categorised as compliant. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t- test, χ² test and logistic regression analysis using SPSS WIN program. The results of this study were summarized as follows； 1. 15.1％ of women performed the BSE at least once during the last 6 months. 2. Non-complier and compliant women showed statistically significant differences in the level of self efficacy and barriers. 3. Predictors of BSE compliance were ‘history of having breast disease’, ‘experience of receiving recommendation for BSE’, ‘barriers’, and ‘experience of meeting with breast cancer patients’ and explained 14.8％ of variance in compliance of BSE. For future clinical practice, health professionals, including nurses, need to actively suggest to women the importance of BSE, and to distribute the information through posters and pamphlets at clinics and public health centers. Including the opportunity to meet patients in health education centers can be another strategy to increase women's motivation for BSE. For future research, it is necessary to recruit women from broader geographic areas utilizing various sources such as community centers to increase generalizability of the findings.