• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.555-560
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• 2019

One-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of North Korea is constrained using short (2-sec) to long period (30-sec) Rayleigh waves generated from four seismic events in China. Rayleigh waves are well recorded at the five broadband seismic stations (BRD, SNU, CHNB, YKB, KSA) which are located near to the border between North and South Korea. Group velocities of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves are estimated with the Multiple Filter Analysis and refined by using the Phase Matched Filter. Average group velocity dispersion curve ranging from 2.9 to 3.2 km/s, is inverted to constrain the shear wave velocity structures. Relatively low group velocity dispersion curves along the path between the events to BRD at period from 4 to 6 seconds may correspond to the sedimentary sequence of the West Korea Bay Basin (WKBB) in the Yellow Sea. The low velocity zone in deep layers (14-20 km) may be related to the deep sedimentary structure in Pyongnam basin. The fast shear wave velocity structure from the surface to the depth of 14 km is consistent with the existence of metamorphic rocks and igneous bodies in Nangrim massif and Pyongnam basin.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2004

Objective : Effect of treadmill exercise on hippocampal neural cell proliferation under normal conditions and alcohol intoxication conditions has been recently studied; however, this effect under sensory stimulation application has not clarified yet. In the present study, the effect of compression stimulation application on hippocampal neural cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus in normal and alcohol intoxicated rats was investigated. Methods : Experimental design: comparative investigation on number of 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine(BrdU)B-positive cells in dentate gyrus 5 days after commencement. Setting: animal laboratory. Participants: male Sprague-Dawley rats of 3weeks old in age weighing $80{\pm}10gm$. Intervention: animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups; control-rest group(n=8), control-compression group(n=8), alcohol intoxication-rest group(n=8) and alcohol intoxication-compression group(n=8). Animals of the alcohol intoxicated groups were injected intraperitoneally with alcohol(2g/kg) twice per day for 3 days. All animals were injected BrdU(50mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and rats compression stimulation application groups were compressed using sphygmomanometer cuff times per day, for 5 days following alcohol administration. Measures: mean number of BrdU-positive cells in dentate gyrus was observed via immunohistochemistry. Results : Compression stimulation application significantly increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. Also, treatment with alcohol for 3 days inhibited cell proliferation, and compression stimulation application alleviated alcohol-induced inhibition of new cell formation. Conclusion : These results suggest the possibility that compression stimulation application may help in improvement following alcohol-induced brain damaged.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.398-404
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• 1993

In order to examine the anticarcinogenic effects of garlic juice on the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis induced by 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA) totally 135 hamster.0.5% DMBA in mineral oil were painted onto the hamster buccal pouch three times a week on 50th, 70th and 90th day, while normal saline, 1% and 3% garlic juice were forced to oral tube feeding. Tumor cell induction could be seen on 50th experimental day, presumed to early carcinogenic inductive stage. And the tumor cells proliferated rapidly thereafter, so 70th and 90th experimental day were chosen for the comparison of anticarcinogenic effect of garlic juice. The every specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for routine histopathological observation and also fixed in Carnoy's solution for the BrdU immunohistochemital detection of S-stage tumor cell distribution during the carcinogenesis. There showed more or less increased anticarcinogenic effect of garlic juice against DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma, increased comparing to the control group showing invasive tumor growth after all histopathologically, BrdU immunoreactivity on normal pouch mucosa epithelium, representing the mitotic status, more decreased in the garlic juice feeding group than the control group. Meanwhile the neoplastic epithelium of all experimental groups showed much increased BrdU immunostaining irregularly.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2006

Methods : 40 of Female rats were allowed to mate with 40 of male rats. Then, female rats were delivered of offspring rats, After birth 28 days, offspring rats were divided 8 groups, The normal group(Group A), the 10 mg/kg Angelicae gig antis radix~treated group(Group B), the 50 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix-treated group(Group C), the 100 mg/kg Angelicae gig antis radix-treated group(Group D), The control (noise-treated) group(Group E). the noise -10 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix-treated group(Group F), the noise-50 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix~treated group(Group G), and the noise-100 mg/kg Angelicae gigantis radix-treated group(Group H)(n = 5 in each group), From the 15th day of pregnancy, all rats were subcutaneously injected with 50 mg/kg BrdU once a day 30 min before the starting of experimental treatment. Rats of the prenatal noise-treated group were applied with 95 decibel supersonic machine sound for 1h once a day until delivery, After birth 28 days, offspring rats intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg of BrdU and offspring rats were treated Angelicae gigantis radix Herb-acupunture on chungwan(CV12) for 7 consecutive days. For the detection of BrdU-positive cells and Ki-67 positive cells in hippocampus, immunohistochemistry was performed. Results : 1. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of noise-treated group was significantly decreased to normal group, and the Group F, G, H were significantly increased to control group. 2. The number of Ki-67 positive cells in the dentate gyrus of noise-treated group was significantly decreased to control group, and the Group G, H were significantly increased to control group. Conclusion : We concluded that postnatal Angelicae gigantis radix administration has effect on cell proliferation in offspring rats with prenatal noise stress during pregnancy.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2003

Allergic contact dermatitis may be caused by a wide variety of chemicals. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pig models for assessing the contact sensitization potential of chemical. However, there is a need to develop a nonradioisotopic endpoint for the LLNA, because of the radioisotopic method's requiring the use of special facilities. In this study, we investigated the development of a nonradioisotopic endpoint for LLNA using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Female Balb/c mice were treated by the topical application on the dorsum of both ears with four different strong sensitizers, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), oxazolone (OXZ), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and trimellitic anhydride (TMA), and a strong irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), once daily for three consecutive days. The proliferation of cells in the auricular Iymph node was analyzed by means of the labelling index (Ll) of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cells. The weights of the Iymph nodes in the mice treated with allergens, DNCB, OXZ, TDl and TMA were increased compared to the vehicle control. The stimulation index (Sl) of mice treated with DNCB, OXZ, TDl, and TMA was over three-fold increase compared to the vehicle control. However, the S1 of mice exposed to SLS was not significantly increased compared to the vehicle control, while the lymph node weight of SLS was significantly increased. These results suggest that the LLNA modified endpoint using ELISA based on BrdU incorporation could provide a useful method of screening for irritants and allergens.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Human solid tumors exhibit a multicellular resistance (MCR) resulting from limited drug penetration and decreased sensitivity of tumor cells when interacting with their microenvironments. Multicellular cultures represent solid tumor condition in vivo and provide clinically relevant data. There is little data on antitumor effect of paclitaxel (PTX) in multicellular cultures although its MCR has been demonstrated. In the present study, we evaluated antiproliferative effects of PTX in multicellular layers (MCL) of DLD-1 human colorectal carcinoma cells. BrdU labeling index (LI), thickness of MCL, cell cycle distribution and cellular uptake of calcein were measured before and after exposure to PTX at 0.1 to 50 ${\mu}M$ for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. BrdU LI and thickness of MCL showed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease and the changes in both parameters were similar, i.e., 34.2% and 40.6% decrease in BrdU LI and thickness, respectively, when exposed to $50\;{\mu}M$ for 72 hr. The DLD-1 cells grown in MCL showed increase in $%G_{0}/G_{1}$ and resistance to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared to monolayers. Calcein uptake in MCL did not change upon PTX exposure, indicating technical problems in multicellular system. Overall, these data indicate that antitumor activity of PTX may be limited in human solid tumors (a multicellular system) and MCL may be an appropriate model to study further pharmacodynamics of PTX.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.653-664
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• 2010

The land surface reflectance is a key parameter influencing the climate near the surface. Therefore, it must be determined with sufficient accuracy for climate change research. In particular, the characteristics of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when using earth observation system (EOS) are important for normalizing the reflected solar radiation from the earth's surface. Also, wide swath satellites like SPOT/VGT (VEGETATION) permit sufficient angular sampling, but high resolution satellites are impossible to obtain sufficient angular sampling over a pixel during short period because of their narrow swath scanning. This gives a difficulty to BRDF model based reflectance normalization of high resolution satellites. The principal objective of the study is to add BRDF modeling of high resolution satellites and to supply insufficient angular sampling through identifying BRDF components from SPOT/VGT. This study is performed as the preliminary data for apply to high-resolution satellite. The study provides surface parameters by eliminating BRD effect when calculated biophysical index of plant by BRDF model. We use semi-empirical BRDF model to identify the BRD components. This study uses SPOT/VGT satellite data acquired in the S1 (daily) data. Modeled reflectance values show a good agreement with measured reflectance values from SPOT satellite. This study analyzes BRD effect components by using the NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and the angle components such as solar zenith angle, satellite zenith angle and relative azimuth angle. Geometric scattering kernel mainly depends on the azimuth angle variation and volumetric scattering kernel is less dependent on the azimuth angle variation. Also, forest from land cover shows the wider distribution of value than cropland, overall tendency is similar. Forest shows relatively larger value of geometric term ($K_1{\cdot}f_1$) than cropland, When performed comparison between cropland and forest. Angle and NDVI value are closely related.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2003

The use of skin whitening agents has been recently increased in various kinds of cosmetic products, although there were some reports that whitening agents might cause allergic contact dermatitis. A murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been developed as an alternative to guinea pigs for contact sensitization potential. This study was carried out to investigate the skin sensitization potential of three whitening agents, arbutin, azelaic acid, and kojic acid, by LLNA using a non-radiois-topic endpoint. Female Balb/c mice were exposed topically to a weak allergen, $\alpha$-hexylcinnamalde-hyde (HCA), and three whitening agents following LLNA protocol. Lymph node (LN) weight and cell proliferation in ears and auricular lymph node using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry were evaluated. LN weights were significantly increased at the HCA group compared to the vehicle control. A weak allergen, HCA elicited 3-fold or greater increase in cell proliferation of lymph nodes as well as increase in cell proliferation of ear as measured by BrdU immunohistochemistry. However, in the case of skin whitening agent groups, there were no significant changes in LN weight and cell proliferation in the ear and lymph node of mice treated with 5, 10 and 20% of three whitening agents compared to the vehicle control. These results show that these three skin whitening agents may not have contact sensitization potentials at tested concentrations in Balb/c mice by LLNA.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2003

목적 : 오가피 약침이 알코올에 의해서 중독된 Sprague-Dawley(S-D)계 흰쥐의 해마 치상회에서 새로운 신경세포 생성 및 NOS발현에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 방법 : S-D계 흰쥐에 알코올을(2g/kg) 3일간 연속으로 투여한후, 5일간 인체의 중완혈에 상응하는 부위에 오가피 약침(30mg/kg) 치료를 시행하였다. 치료효과를 관찰하기 위해서 BrdU-면역조직화학 염색법 및 NADPH-d-조직화학염색법을 이용하였다. 결과 : 알코올 처치군에서는 BrdU-양성세포수 및 NADPH-양성세포수가 모두 정상군에 비해서 감소한 반면에 알코올 처치후 오가피 약침으로 치료한 군에서는 BrdU-양성세포수 및 NADPH-양성세포수 모두 알코올 처치군에 비해서 증가하였다. 결론 : 오가피 약침치료가 알코올에 의해서 중독된 S-D계 흰쥐 해마 치상회에서 새로운 신경세포의 생성을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였으며, 그 기전으로 산화질소가 관여할 것으로 사려된다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2016

Importance of remote sensing for surface is increased than past. So many countries try to many ways to retrieve surface reflectance. In this study, we study a Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) to retrieve surface reflectance. We apply BRDF using observed surface reflectance of SPOT/VEGETATION (VGT-S1) and angular data to get Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution (BRD) coefficients for calculating scattering. And then we apply BRDF in the opposite direction with BRD coefficients and angular data to retrieve Background Surface Reflectance (BSR). The range of BSR is not over $0.4{\mu}m$ (blue), $0.45{\mu}m$ (red), $0.55{\mu}m$ (NIR). And for validation we compare BSR with VGT-S1, there are bias is from 0.0116 to 0.0158 and RMSE is from 0.0459 to 0.0545. As a result, we confirm that BSR is similar to VGT-S1.