• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 1995

The sedimentary environments and biostratigrapy of the tidal sediments off the Mankyung-Dongjin River estuary were studied based on sedimentary facies and diatom assemblage analysis. Sediment facies from the five vibracores are mainly clay, silt, and sand facies. The clay and silty sediment facies are more dominant than the sandy facies, and contain diatom frustules. The frequency of the diatom frustules are rate to common, but not found in sandy sediment facies. Bigeneric structures such as burrow and non-bigeneric primary sedimentary structures such as laminated sand and mud or silt and mud couplets, flaser bedding, ripple-cross lamination are found in several stratigraphic levels of the sedimentary sequences. A total of 219 species and varieties, belonging to 61 genera has been identified in the present study. Among them, paralia sulcata is the most abundant species about 30 to 50% of the total diatom frustules. Another predominant species are Cyclotella striata. Thalassionema nitzschioides. Actinoptychus undulatus. Delphineis surirella, Raphoneis amphiceros. Most of the diatoms occurred in this study area are marine, marine-brackish water, and brackish water species, and are benthic and tychopelagic or meroplanktonic species. Also, most of the species are coastal to littoral and littoral to inner neritic species. The occurrences of freshwater species, about 1 to 5% is higher than that of the Namyang Bay tidal sediments. The ecological properties of the diatoms occurred in the study area and primary sedimentary structure such as flaser bedding ripple cross bedding indicate that the deposits are formed under coastal or littoral to subeditorial environments such as tidal zone which was subjected to the influenced of stream water and was more strongly influenced by temperate to warm water than cold water. The sedimentary environments have not been changed distinctively during the time of deposition. The vertical distribution pattern of diatoms in the study area is studied by Q-mode cluster Analysis using spss/pc+ (ver.4.0). The results show that the three cores (GE-3, GE-11, GE-12) are divided into two diatom assemblages, respectively. Biostratigraphic correlation using the data of Q-mode Cluster Analysis are attempt in this study.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.210-219
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• 2008

Monthly variation in species composition of upstream-migrating fish in the Cheonjeyeon Estuary was determined by analyzing fish data collected January~September 2004 and January~August 2007. Fish migrating from the sea to freshwater through the channels were collected by a rectangular net with a mesh size of 2 mm during the day and at night in the new moon. Of 14 species collected, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) predominated in abundance. Glass eels (Anguilla japonica) occurred mainly during the night from February to May. Other fishes collected included brackish-water gobiids (Gymnogobius urotaenia, Rhinogobius giurinus, Tridentiger obscurus, and Sicyopterus japonicus), freshwater fishes (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Rhynchocypris oxycephalus), and coastal marine fishes (Engraulis japonicus, Pempheris japonica, Plotosus lineatus, Takifugu niphobles, and Terapon jarbua). Ayu occurred during almost all sampling periods. They ranged principally from 55 to 100 mm total length (TL), with some fish larger than 100 mm TL collected after April. Mullet also occurred during almost all sampling periods. They ranged principally 25~58 mm TL, with some larger fish of 103~240 mm TL collected in February and April. That only a few freshwater and brackish-water fishes occurred in the study area is probably related to the freshwater systems having long been isolated from the continental systems and to the poorly developed estuaries in Jeju Island reflecting limited river discharge.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.11-14
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• 1998

1. Introduction : Research progresses in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering have been made during the last decades with important contributions to the industrial development and to the quality of our life. An interesting case is related to the membrane science and technology continuous impact to innovative processes and products, particularly appropriate for a sustainable industrial growth. Membrane operations have been familiar for many years to biologists and chemists working in their laboratorier or studying biological phenomena. Only recently engineers started to operate in' this area. The preparation of asymmetric CA membranes at University of California, Los Angeles in the early 60s is generally recognized as a crucial moment for membranology (1). Loeb and Sourirajan with their discovery of how to increase significantly the permeability of polymeric membranes without significant changes in their selectivity, made realistic the possibility of their use in large scale operations for desalting brackish and sea water by reverse osmosis and for various other molecular separations in different industrial areas. Reverse osmosis is today a well recognized basic unit operations, togheter with ultrafiltration, crossflow microfiltration,. nanofiltration, all pressure driven membrane processes. Already in 1992 more than 4 milIions m$^3$/day were the total capacity of RO desalination plants and in 1995 more than 180.000 m$^2$ of ultrafiltration membranes were installed for the treatment of wheys and milk (2) (3).

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.202-207
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• 1997

Species composition and abundance of fish larvae were studied from May 1988 through August 1989 in the Han River Estuary and adjacent Kyunggi Bay, Korea. Of 23 taxa identified, Coilia nasus, llisha elongata, and Cyprinidae spp. were dominated. Maximum density (3,5771/1,000m)$^3$ occurred in August 1988 and minimum (3/1,m$^3$) in February 1989. O1igo- ormesohaline species dominated during ebb tides while polyhaline species during flood tides. Correspondence analysis revealed that three distinctive species groups; oligohaline species, Coilia nasus, Ilisha elongata and Cyprinidae spp., which dominated at both channels of Kwanghwa Island (stations 1, 2), mesohaline species, Sardinella zunasi and Gobiidae spp., at the mouth of Yeomha Channel (station 3), and polyhaline species, Engraulis japonicus and Syngnathus schlegeli, in the middle of Kyunggi Bay (station 4). Coilia nasus was the most abundant species and reported first time in the study area. Given the species composition and density of fish larvae, the Han River Estuary is considered to be a major spawning and nursery ground for brackish water species such as Coilia nasus, Ilisha elongata and some Cyprinidae spp.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 2021

During our observations of changes in halophyte distribution in Hampyeong Bay over a period of five years, we found that the distribution area showed a maintenance for Phragmites communis community, a tendency of gradual increase for Zoysia sinica community, gradual decrease for Suaeda maritima community, and disappearance for Limonium tetragonum community during the studied period. The Phragmites communis community stably settled in areas adjacent to land and appeared not to be significantly affected by physical factors (such as tides and waves) or disturbances caused by biological factors (such as interspecific competition). Among studied species, germination time was shown to be the fastest for Suaeda maritima. In addition, this species showed certain characteristics that allowed it to settle primarily in new habitats formed by sand deposition as its growth was not halted under conditions with high amounts of sand and high organic matter content. However, in areas where Zoysia sinica and Suaeda maritima resided together, the area inhabited by Suaeda maritima gradually decreased due to interspecific competition between the two species. This was believed to be the result of a sharp decrease in the germination of Suaeda maritima since May, while the germination of Zoysia sinica was continuously maintained, indicating that the latter had an advantage in terms of seedling competition. In the case of the Limonium tetragonum community, its habitat was found to have been completely destroyed because it was covered by sand. The study area was confirmed to have undergone a large change in topography as tides and waves resulted in sand deposition onto these lands. Hampyeong Bay is considered to have experienced changes in halophyte distribution related to certain complex factors, such as changes in physical habitats and changes in biological factors such as interspecific competition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.198-210
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• 2006

POM(Princeton Ocean Model) was utilized in this study because it took ${\sigma}-coordinate$ system which could predict the behavior of bottom water. The model has been increasingly applied to costal area although it was initially developed as the ocean flow model. The original POM did not correct computational errors in transformation of ${\sigma}-coordinate$ system. The trying to reduce conversional errors might improve accuracy of flow velocity in vicinities of bottom layer. Therefore, in this study it was proposed to modify the original POM by using error correction method suggested by $Sl{\Phi}rdal$(1997). The modified POM was applied to Young-rang Lake, one of the typical brackish lakes in Korea. It was found that the behavior of bottom water could be well predicted. Thus, it seems that the modified POM can be used as a useful tool to clarify the mechanism of formation and behavior of bottom water including oxygen-deficient water mass.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.127-141
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• 2016

Electrodialysis (ED) is known to be a useful membrane process for desalination, concentration, separation, and purification in many fields. In this process, it is desirable to work at high current density in order to achieve fast desalination with the lowest possible effective membrane area. In practice, however, operating currents are restricted by the occurrence of concentration polarization phenomena. Many studies showed the occurrence of a limiting current density (LCD). The limiting current density in the electrodialysis process is an important parameter which determines the electrical resistance and the current utilization. Therefore, its reliable determination is required for designing an efficient electrodialysis plant. The purpose of this study is the development of a predictive model of the limiting current density in an electrodialysis process using response surface methodology (RSM). A two-factor central composite design (CCD) of RSM was used to analyze the effect of operation conditions (the initial salt concentration (C) and the linear flow velocity of solution to be treated (u)) on the limiting current density and to establish a regression model. All experiments were carried out on synthetic brackish water solutions using a laboratory scale electrodialysis cell. The limiting current density for each experiment was determined using the Cowan-Brown method. A suitable regression model for predicting LCD within the ranges of variables used was developed based on experimental results. The proposed mathematical quadratic model was simple. Its quality was evaluated by regression analysis and by the Analysis Of Variance, popularly known as the ANOVA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1994

Electrical soundings and mappings were conducted to elucidate the geoelectrical structures of the local area of Cheju Island. The areas of the electrical surveys are coastal areas of Cheju Island, Gwagji, Sinpung-Sincheon. Generally, the geoelectrical structures of these areas are closely related with hydrogeological structures and it is very important to elucidate the geoelectrical structures for the water supply problems. Even though the results of electrical surveys in coastal areas of Cheju Island differ from place to place, there exists a general tendency of resistivity decrease with depth and the zone in the vicinity of mean sea level has low resistivity value. Also, there is good correlation between the low resistivity zone and the ground water distribution in the survey areas. A careful examination of the results of this study enabled resistivities of the rocks in Cheju Island to be divided in some categories. The resistivities of rocks unsaturated with ground water are greater than about 1000 ohm-m. The rocks saturated with fresh water have the resistivity value of about few hundreds ohm-m. Last, the rocks saturated with saline and/or brackish water have the resistivity value of about few tens ohm-m. The subsurface resistivity distribution of Cheju Island seems to be strongly dependent on the hydraulic characteristics of the rocks, and the amount and the salinity of the ground water in the rocks rather than the surface geology of the area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.336-341
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• 2000

This study was conducted to clarify the habitat characteristics and distribution of seagrass. Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae) in the brackish Hwajinpo Lake, Korea in June 1998 and July 2000. Z. marina beds were distributed along the sea-side cost of the lower lake mouth at 0.8 to 1.5m in death, and the seagrass bed area was about 3,200 m$^{2}$. Salinity, water temperature and pH were in the range of 8.0${\sim}$23.0$%_{o}$, 22.0${\sim}$23.7$^{\circ}C$ and 8.34${\sim}$8.62, respectively. Nutrient concentrations were generally now (TN: 24.34 ${\mu}$M, NH$_{4}$-N: 2.57 ${\mu}$M, NO$_{3}$-N: 0.56 ${\mu}$M, NO$_{2}$-N: 0.27 ${\mu}$M, TP: 2.08 ${\mu}$M, PO$_{4}$-P: 0.34 ${\mu}$M). Suspended particulate matters (SPM) concentration averaged 62.8 mg/l and particulate organic matter (POM) averaged 21.3 mg/l. Organic content of SPM averaged 33.9%. The beds substratum was composed of well-sorted, fine sand and its mean brain size was 3.13${\Phi}$. The Z. marina vegetation was almost submerged, and the morphological characteristics can be classified as steno-leaf phenotype by the shoot length, leaf width, and number of leaf vein. Shoot length and leaf width were 70.0${\sim}$126.5 cm and 5${\sim}$7 mm, respectively. Shoot densities ranged from 264 to 296/m$^{2}$, and the plants biomass was estimated at 332.6 to 373.0 g dw/m$^{2}$. Therefore, the habitats of Z. marina in Korea were recognized in a brackish lake, and morphological characteristics appeared to be variable.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2022

Fish assemblage of total 325 of Korean peninsula estuaries were surveyed to analyze the characteristics of community structure and diversity by sea areas for three years from 2016 to 2018. The scale (stream width) of Korean estuaries were various (14~3,356 m), and 68.9% of all estuaries showed salinity of less than 2 psu. Total 149 species classified into 52 families of fish were identified, and the dominant and sub-dominant species were Tribolodon hakonensis (relative abundance, RA, 12.5%) and Mugil cephalus (RA, 9.5%), respectively. The estuary of the Korean Peninsula had different physical and chemical habitat environments depending on the sea area, and accordingly, fish community structure also showed statistically significant differences (PERMANOVA, Pseudo-F=26.69, P=0.001). In addition, the NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) results showed the patterns that indicating fish community difference by sea areas, even though low community similarity within sea area (SIMPER, 21.79~26.39%). The estuaries of east sea areas were distinguished from the others in the aspects of which, the higher importance of migratory fishes and endangered species, and that of brackish species were characterized at south sea estuaries. However, the estuaries of west sea showed higher importance of species that have a relation with freshwater (primary freshwater species, exotic species), which is the result that associating with the lower salinity of west sea estuaries because of the high ratio of closed estuaries(78.2%). The SIMPER analysis, scoring the contribution rates of species to community similarity, also showed results corresponding to the tendency of different fish community structures according to each sea area. So far, In Korea, most studies on fish communities in estuaries have been conducted in a single estuary unit, which made it difficult to understand the characteristics of estuaries at the national level, which are prerequisite for policy establishment. In present study, we are providing fish community structure characteristics of Korean estuaries in a national scale, including diversity index, habitat salinity ranges of major species, distribution of migratory species. We are expecting that our results could be utilized as baseline information for establishing management policies or further study of Korean estuaries.