• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for pulmonary function in normal-weight and obese women. Methods: Data from women aged ${\geq}40$ years were obtained from the 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Obesity was measured by BMI and WC and pulmonary function was measured by forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), and a ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$/FVC). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for assessment of the association between FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC and obesity variables. Results: BMI showed positive association with FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, and WC showed positive association with $FEV_1$ and $FEV_1$/FVC in normal-weight women. BMI and WC showed negative association with FVC, $FEV_1$ in obese women. A 1 unit increase in BMI showed an association with a 25-mL reduction in FVC and a 19-mL reduction in $FEV_1$. A 1-cm increase in WC showed an association with a 6-mL reduction in FVC and a 4-mL reduction in $FEV_1$. Conclusions: BMI and WC showed negative association with pulmonary function in obese adult women. Therefore, obese women with reduced pulmonary function should be encouraged to lose weight for improvement of their pulmonary function.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1972-1980
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• 2015

This study's purpose was to analyze the effect of the SmartCare obesity management pilot project, which was conducted between 09 March 2011 and 03 April 2013 in Korea (South). Of 212 subjects who were enrolled in the study, the final analysis was conducted with 147 subjects who completed their weight self-measurements and SmartCare services until the end of a 6-month service period. The self-measurement group for evaluation was classified into 3 groups (Low, Middle, and High) by evenly dividing the monthly average frequency of measurement for 6 months and the evaluation indices were weight, and BMI (Body Mass Index) transmitted from the SmartCare System. The monthly average weight and BMI were decreased more in the High Group than the Middle Group and Low Group (M5: High>Middle>Low), and they are showing statistically significant differences between groups (p< 0.05). In conclusion, analysis of the weight and BMI improvement effect showed a greater improvement effect when the self-measurement frequency level was higher.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Methods : By the questionnaire, the informations of education level, monthly income, alcohol consumption and smoking habit were obtained. Height, weight and blood Pressure(BP) were measured by a trained nurse. The level of lasting blood sugar(FBS), total cholesterol, hight-density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride were tested by enzyne method about a group of 2888 males and 1696 females ages ever 20 who had never taken the medication for hypertension. Statistical analysis, ANOVA, stepwise multiple regression, correlation analysis were peformed using SAS package program. Results : There were significant differences among age groups in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), FBS, triglyceride and cholesterol except HDL-cholesterol. The risk factors associated with systolic and diastolic BP significantly in male were BMI, age, alcohol intake, but in female BMI, age. Smoking habit had a significant negative correlation with BP in both sex. In the group of mild hypertension ($\geq140\;mmHg\;or\geq90\;mmHg$ defined by JNC-VI) and hypertension ($\geq160\;mmHg\;or\;\geq95\;mmHg$ defined by WHO), the percent of diabetes $(FBS\geq140\;mg/dl)$, hypercholesterolemia $(\geq240mg/dl)$, and hypertriglyceridemia $(\geq200\;mg/dl)$ were significantly higher compared with normal group in male and female. BMI, and alcohol consumption had a positive correlation with FBS, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Smoking had a positive correlation with cholesterol and triglyceride but negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol in male. The educational attainment had a negative correlation with BMI, FBS, total cholesterol and triglyceride in female. Conclusions : This study suggested that drinking, smoking, and BMI and lower educational level were associated with hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, but further evaluation was needed by prospective intervention study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.339-344
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of Inyoung-Chongu pulse, body mass index (BMI) and Sasang constitution using pulse diagnosis device in college women. We measured the amplitude of Inyoung pulse, Chongu pulse, ratio of Inyoung to Chongu and ratio of Chongu to Inyoung on 69 college women. The data was analyzed by ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SAS program. The results were as follow. There was no significant difference in Inyoung pulse, Chongu pulse, Inyoung to Chongu ratio and Chongu to Inyoung ratio according to BMI and Sasang constitution. There was significant difference in BMI among Sasang constitution. BMI was significantly high in Taeeumin than in Soyangin and Soeumin. We concluded that there was no relation among Inyoung-Chongu pulse, BMI and Sasang constitution. Therefore, we need to expand the sample size for in depth study.

• Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess how extreme obesity affects 30-day mortality in this patient group. Methods: A total of 802 patients who underwent emergency gastrointestinal surgery from January 2007 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups according to their body mass index (BMI): group 1, normal weight (BMI: $18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$); group 2, overweight (BMI: $23.0{\sim}29.9kg/m^2$ ); and group 3, obesity ($BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$). Patients with a BMI under 18.5 were excluded from the analysis. Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the log-rank test were used to assess and compare 30-day mortality rates between groups. Results: The mortality rates of group 1, group 2, and group 3 were 11.3%, 9.0%, and 26.9%, respectively (P<0.017). The mortality rate did not differ significantly between group 1 and 2 (11.3% vs. 9.0%; P=0.341), but group 1 and 2 showed better survival rates than group 3 (11.3% vs. 26.9%; P=0.028, 9.0% vs. 26.9%; P=0.011). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that group 3 had higher mortality than the other two groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: Obesity ($BMI{\geq}30kg/m^2$) was one of the risk factors influencing critically ill patients who underwent emergency surgery.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

Introduction: This study evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cut-offs for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) were different according to Sasang constitutional type. Methods: Data were obtained from 3,117 South Koreans (20-90 years old), and MetS was defined according to the revised NCEP-ATPIII criteria. Age-adjusted BMI and WC cut-offs were calculated according to Sasang constitutional type (Soyangin [SY], Taeeumin [TE], and Soeumin [SE]), sex, and age (men: ${\geq}40$ vs. <40 years, women: ${\geq}50$ vs. <50 years). Results: The prevalences of MetS were 29.9% (<40-year-old men), 35.1% (${\geq}40$-year-old men), 14.8% (<50-year-old women), and 47.7% (${\geq}50$-year-old women). The BMI ($kg/m^2$) and WC (cm) cut-offs for <40-year-old men were 25.9 and 89.9 (SY), 25.5 and 90.5 (TE), and 21.8 and 86.2 (SE). The cut-offs for ${\geq}40$-year-old men were 23.1 and 88.9 (SY), 25.0 and 89.9 (TE), and 22.2 and 87.5 (SE). The BMI and WC cut-offs for <50-year-old women were 22.5 and 81.2 (SY), 25.1 and 83.0 (TE), and 21.5 and 79.8 (SE). The cut-offs for ${\geq}50$-year-old women were 22.2 and 80.5 (SY), and 25.2 and 89.1 (TE), and 21.9 and 80.3 (SE). Conclusions: The BMI and WC cut-offs for identifying MetS varied according to Sasang constitution type.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.475-484
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Korean women with obesity. Methods: Cancer-free women (n=6 142 486) aged 40-79 years, who underwent National Health Insurance Service health examinations in 2009 and 2010 were included. The incidence of CRC was followed until 2018. The hazard ratio (HR) of MetS for the incidence of colon and rectal cancer was analyzed according to body mass index (BMI) categories, adjusting for confounders such as women's reproductive factors. In addition, the heterogeneity of associations across BMI categories was assessed. Results: Women with MetS were at increased risk of colon and rectal cancer compared to women without MetS (HR, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.23 and HR,1.15; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.20), respectively. The HR of MetS for colon cancer across BMI categories was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.19), 1.14 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.20), and 1.16 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.21) in women with BMIs <23.0 kg/m², 23.0-24.9 kg/m², and ≥25.0 kg/m², respectively. The HR of MetS for rectal cancer across corresponding BMI categories was 1.16 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.26), 1.14 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.23), and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.20). The heterogeneity of associations across BMI categories was not significant in either colon or rectal cancer (p=0.587 for colon cancer and p=0.927 for rectal cancer). Conclusions: Women with MetS were at increased risk of colon and rectal cancer. Clinical and public health strategies should be considered for primary CRC prevention with an emphasis on improving women's metabolic health across all BMI groups.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.411-418
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index with environmental and dietary factors including nutrition knowledge, and nutrition attitude of Korean adolescents. Anthropometric measurements, questionnaire responses, and 24-hour dietary records of 531 elementary, 543 middle, and 533 high school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do were collected. Data was analysed using SAS computer program. The results are as follows. Mean BMI of elementary school boys was higher than that of girls. However, there were no significant differences in mean BMI between sexes both in middle and high school students. Calcium and iron consumption were lowest among elementary and middle school students, respectively when the intake was expressed as a percentage of the Korean RDA. Energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, and vitamin C intakes(% RDA) were lowest among high school students. The factors influencing BMI of elementary students were BMI of the parents in boys, and BMI of the father in girls. In middle school students, energy intake, fathers BMI, mothers nutrition knowledge and students BMI, and nutrition knowledge were related to the obesity indices of boys, while fathers and mothers BMI were related to the mean obesity index of girls. In high school students, nutrition knowledge and mothers nutrition attitude were related to the obesity index of boys, while BMI of parents was related to the obesity index of girls. In conclusion, mothers and fathers BMI were the most common factors influencing the BMI of these adolescents. Although these results can not determine if food behaviour directly affects BMI, it may influence the BMIs of family members, and therefore nutrition education to keep normal weight and desiradle food habits should be emphasized. More systematic studies to investigate the cause-effect relations of these factors are required.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Objectives: The effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}2\;(PPAR{\gamma}2)$ Pro12Ala (P12A) polymorphism on body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes are well documented; however, until now, only a few studies have evaluated the effects of this polymorphism on body fat distribution. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of this polymorphism on computed tomography (CT)-measured body fat distribution and other obesity-related parameters in Korean female subjects. Methods & Results: The frequencies of $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotypes were: PP type, 93.0%; PA type, 6.8%; and AA type, 0.2%. The frequency of the A allele was 0.035. Body weight (P .012), BMI (P .012), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (P .001) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. When body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance analysis, lean body mass and body water content were similar between the 2 groups. However, body fat mass (P .003) and body fat percent (P .025) were significantly higher in subjects with PA/AA compared with subjects with PP. Among overweight subjects with BMI of greater than 25, PA/AA was associated with significantly higher abdominal subcutaneous fat (P .000), abdominal visceral fat (P .031), and subcutaneous upper and lower thigh adipose tissue (P .010 and .013). However, among lean subjects with BMI of less than 25, no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found, suggesting that the fat-accumulating effects of the PA/AA genotype were evident only among overweight subjects, but not among lean subjects. When serum lipid profiles, glucose, and liver function indicators were compared among overweight subjects, no significant difference associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype was found. Changes in body weight, BMI, WHR, and body fat mass were measured among overweight subjects who finished a 1-month weight lose program of a hypocaloric diet and exercise; no significant differences associated with $PPAR{\gamma}2$ genotype were found. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the $PPAR{\gamma}2$ PA/AA genotype is associated with increased subcutaneous and visceral fat areas in overweight Korean female subjects, but does not significantly affect serum biochemical parameters and outcomes of weight loss programs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.569-577
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary patterns among Korean elementary school girls based on the change in body mass index (BMI), body fat, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) during 22 months and to explore the characteristics of dietary patterns identified. Girls aged 9-11 years were recruited and 3-day dietary data were collected four times. Subjects with a diet record of 8 or more days and anthropometric data measured at baseline and 22 months later were included (n = 198). Reduced rank regression was utilized to derive dietary patterns using a change in BMI, body fat, and calcaneus BMD and BMC as response variables. Two dietary patterns were identified: the "Egg and Rice" dietary pattern and "Fruit, Nuts, Milk Beverage, Egg, Grain" (FNMBEG) dietary pattern. Subjects who had high score on the FNMBEG pattern consumed various food groups, including fruits, nuts and seeds, and dairy products, whereas subjects in the "Egg and Rice' dietary pattern group did not. Both dietary patterns showed a positive association with change in BMI and body fat. However, subjects who had a higher score on the "Egg and Rice" dietary pattern had less of a BMC increase, whereas subjects who had a higher score on the FMBEG dietary pattern had more increased BMC over 22 months after adjusting for age, body and bone mass, and Tanner stage at baseline. Our results provide evidence that a well-balanced diet contributes to lean body mass growth among young girls.